Liver transplantation is the only effective treatment for end stage liver disease, which is characterized by complicated surgery, long surgery time, high trauma, etc, patients experience a variety of difficulties following surgery, including infection, abdominal bleeding and rejection, all of them directly affect the quality of rehabilitation. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), a novel perioperative management strategy, can effectively promote postoperative recovery of patients and has been extensively implemented in various fields of surgery. However, there are not any thorough and scientific universal ERAS protocols in the fields of liver transplantation in China. The first Consensus Recommendations of Enhanced Recovery for Liver Transplantation was issued by the International Liver Transplantation Society in December 2022, offering recommendations about ERAS strategies for liver transplantation recipients of receiving deceased and living organ donations, and for living donors of liver transplantation. This paper provides a detailed interpretation of its key points to offer a practical reference for domestic liver transplantation perioperative ERAS management.

Insulin was introduced to China in 1923. Before it entered China, the Internal Medicine Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital（ PUMCH） had actively introduced insulin and planned to produce the drug in China. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the introduction of insulin into China, the author utilized the archives of Peking Union Medical College（ PUMC） , the medical journals, the annual report of PUMCH, and other historical materials to write a short article to trace this little-known history. The aim is to enrich the history of medicines, the history of diabetes, and the history of the PUMC and PUMCH.

With the rise of artificial intelligence medical device(AIMD) industry, it is urgent for stakeholders to establish consensus on definition and concepts of AIMD quality evaluation, which further supports development of standards and guidelines. To break through such bottleneck, NMPA published a sectoral standard, YY/T 1833.1-2022 Artificial intelligence medical device— Quality requirements and evaluation—Part 1: Terminology in 2022, which provided unified terminologies. This standard is divided into five chapters, including basic technical terms, data set terms, quality characteristics terms, quality evaluation terms and application scenario terms, with a total of 158 terms. This article introduces the general overview, the drafting history and explains the significance. It is aimed at guiding the development of the artificial intelligence medical device industry.

Primary health care institutions should be the main force of China's medical and health service system and the cornerstone of the national health care system. During the COVID-19 epidemic, China's primary health care institutions have played a huge role， but at the same time, many deficiencies and weaknesses have also been highlighted. Through systematic literature search and analysis， this article found that China's primary health care institutions have some problems such as low demand for patient care, weak integration of the health system, weak service foundation, and insufficient emergency response capacity for public health emergencies, etc. Accordingly, we put forward a strategy for the construction of primary health care institutions based on the “Three Forces Theory”, which will help to improving the primary medical and health care service system, upgrading the capacity of primary medical and health care services, and better fulfilling the strategic goal of “Healthy China 2030”.

This study conducted a comprehensive assessment of the current state of health standards in China by systematically searching the National Health Commission's Health Standards website and various literature databases. By identifying key issues within the domain of health standards， this study subsequently presented targeted strategies and recommendations. These findings serve as a valuable reference for refining China's health standard system and developing policies related to health standards.

Bone age is the most commonly used and effective indicator for understanding children's growth and development, and plays an important role in the diagnosis and efficacy evaluation of various growth and development disorders.Clinically, X-rays of the left hand and wrist are mostly taken for bone age assessment, but there is a certain radiation risk. Ultrasound can clearly display the epiphysis and secondary ossification center, and can conveniently perform multi-site scanning and dynamic measurement without radiation. In recent years, great progress has been made in the research and clinical application of bone age assessment using ultrasound. This article reviews the latest literature to discuss the value of musculoskeletal ultrasound and quantitative ultrasound in bone age assessment, and puts forward the problems in the study of ultrasound assessment of bone age and improve direction.

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was renamed from the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). At present， about the pathogenesis of MAFLD， people generally accept the "multiple strike" theory， which involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. These attacks include insulin resistance， lipid disorder， oxidative stress， intestinal microbiota， etc. However， there is no approved drug for MAFLD. Recent studies have found that vitamin D is involved in many metabolic processes， which may be involved in the development of MAFLD by influencing liver lipid metabolism， promoting insulin resistance and inflammatory response， participating in immune regulation， gene regulation and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Therefore， this article summarizes the relationship between vitamin D and MAFLD， reveals the potential mechanism of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of MAFLD， and provides clinical ideas for the treatment of MAFLD.

Micro RNAs are involved in the pathophysiological processes of many diseases. Stably present in tissues, cells and blood, they can be used as potential markers of many diseases. They play an important role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis caused by various chronic liver diseases. It has been shown that miRNAs can participate in the process of liver fibrosis by targeting the down-regulation of liver fibrosis-related gene expression. In this review, we discuss the research progress on the role of miRNAs in liver fibrosis, with the hope of providing reference for diagnosis and molecularly targeted treatment.

In the era of evidence-based medicine， it is necessary to explore the unique advantages of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) based on standardized technical methods and operating procedures in order to achieve the modernization and internationalization of TCM and benefit humanity. The proposal of a three-pronged evidence system combining TCM theory， human experience and experimental evidence marks an important progress in the thinking method of the TCM evaluation system. The multi-evidence body integrated through appropriate methods is a strong support for the clinical guideline recommendations and evidence-based health decisionmaking in TCM. Based on the current methodological progress of international evidence synthesis and grading， this paper proposes a novel approach for integrating multi-evidence in traditional Chinese medicine： the MERGE framework. The aim is to establish a solid foundation for the development of this methodology and to provide guidance for the advancement of the evidencebased medicine framework in traditional Chinese medicine.