DAI Liyuan, SHI Yuankai, HAN Xiaohong. Advances in Dynamic Monitoring of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as the Prognostic Markers for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2022, 13(2): 287-295. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0608
Citation: DAI Liyuan, SHI Yuankai, HAN Xiaohong. Advances in Dynamic Monitoring of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as the Prognostic Markers for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2022, 13(2): 287-295. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0608

Advances in Dynamic Monitoring of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as the Prognostic Markers for Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Funds: 

Chinese National Major Project for New Drug Innovation 2019ZX09201-002

Chinese National Major Project for New Drug Innovation 2017ZX09304015

2022 Capital Health Development Scientific Research Project 2022-2z-4016

More Information
  • Corresponding author:

    HAN Xiaohong, E-mail: hanxiaohong@pumch.cn

  • Received Date: August 21, 2021
  • Accepted Date: October 12, 2021
  • Available Online: March 13, 2022
  • Issue Publish Date: March 29, 2022
  • The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC) significantly improves survival, but it has clinical problems such as low response rate. Treatment of tumor with ICIs is a dynamic change that involves the process of tumor-immune system interaction. Vertical monitoring of dynamic changes of biomarkers is helpful to eliminate individual differences and to provide information on spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tumors. This paper reviews the biomarkers of advanced NSCLC, covering the aspects of treatment with ICIs from tumor cell origin, immune microenvironmental source and joint indicators.
  • [1]
    Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71: 209-249. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21660
    [2]
    Gridelli C, Rossi A, Carbone DP, et al. Non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2015, 1: 15009. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.9
    [3]
    Herbst RS, Morgensztern D, Boshoff C. The biology and management of non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Nature, 2018, 553: 446-454. DOI: 10.1038/nature25183
    [4]
    周彩存, 王洁, 王宝成, 等. 中国非小细胞肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗专家共识(2020年版)[J]. 中国肺癌杂志, 2021, 24: 217-235. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FAIZ202104001.htm

    Zhou CC, Wang J, Wang BC, et al. Chinese Experts Consensus on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (2020 Version)[J]. Zhongguo Feiai Zazhi, 2021, 24: 217-235. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FAIZ202104001.htm
    [5]
    Rizvi H, Sanchez-Vega F, La K, et al. Molecular Determinants of Response to Anti-Programmed Cell Death (PD)-1 and Anti-Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Blockade in Patients With Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Profiled With Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2018, 36: 633-641.
    [6]
    Wolchok JD, Hoos A, O'Day S, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation of immune therapy activity in solid tumors: immune-related response criteria[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2009, 15: 7412-7420. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1624
    [7]
    Champiat S, Dercle L, Ammari S, et al. Hyperprogressive Disease Is a New Pattern of Progression in Cancer Patients Treated by Anti-PD-1/PD-L1[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2017, 23: 1920-1928. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-1741
    [8]
    Kas B, Talbot H, Ferrara R, et al. Clarification of Definitions of Hyperprogressive Disease During Immunotherapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6: 1039-1046. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.1634
    [9]
    Shankar B, Zhang J, Naqash AR, et al. Multisystem Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6: 1952-1956. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.5012
    [10]
    Postow MA, Sidlow R, Hellmann MD. Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Block-ade[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018, 378: 158-168. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1703481
    [11]
    Gettinger SN, Horn L, Gandhi L, et al. Overall Survival and Long-Term Safety of Nivolumab (Anti-Programmed Death 1 Antibody, BMS-936558, ONO-4538) in Patients With Previously Treated Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2015, 33: 2004-2012. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2014.58.3708
    [12]
    Nishino M, Ramaiya NH, Chambers ES, et al. Immune-related response assessment during PD-1 inhibitor therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2016, 4: 84. DOI: 10.1186/s40425-016-0193-2
    [13]
    Katz SI, Hammer M, Bagley SJ, et al. Radiologic Pseudoprogression during Anti-PD-1 Therapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2018, 13: 978-986. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2018.04.010
    [14]
    Seymour L, Bogaerts J, Perrone A, et al. iRECIST: guidelines for response criteria for use in trials testing immunotherapeutics[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2017, 18: e143-e152. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30074-8
    [15]
    Ferrara R, Mezquita L, Texier M, et al. Hyperprogressive Disease in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors or With Single-Agent Chemotherapy[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4: 1543-1552. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.3676
    [16]
    Champiat S, Dercle L, Ammari S, et al. Hyperprogressive Disease Is a New Pattern of Progression in Cancer Patients Treated by Anti-PD-1/PD-L1[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2017, 23: 1920-1928. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-1741
    [17]
    Haratani K, Hayashi H, Chiba Y, et al. Association of Immune-Related Adverse Events With Nivolumab Efficacy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4: 374-378. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.2925
    [18]
    Michaelidou K, Agelaki S, Mavridis K. Molecular markers related to immunosurveillance as predictive and monitoring tools in non-small cell lung cancer: recent accomplishments and future promises[J]. Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2020, 20: 335-344. DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1724785
    [19]
    Zou W, Wolchok JD, Chen L. PD-L1 (B7-H1) and PD-1 pathway blockade for cancer therapy: Mechanisms, res-ponse biomarkers, and combinations[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2016, 8: 328rv4.
    [20]
    Ren X, Kang B, Zhang Z. Understanding tumor ecosystems by single-cell sequencing: promises and limitations[J]. Genome Biol, 2018, 19: 211. DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1593-z
    [21]
    Andor N, Graham TA, Jansen M, et al. Pan-cancer analysis of the extent and consequences of intratumor heterogeneity[J]. Nat Med, 2016, 22: 105-113. DOI: 10.1038/nm.3984
    [22]
    Binnewies M, Roberts EW, Kersten K, et al. Unders-tanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy[J]. Nat Med, 2018, 24: 541-550. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0014-x
    [23]
    Lesterhuis WJ, Bosco A, Millward MJ, et al. Dynamic versus static biomarkers in cancer immune checkpoint blockade: unravelling complexity[J]. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2017, 16: 264-272. DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.233
    [24]
    Dagogo-Jack I, Shaw AT. Tumour heterogeneity and resistance to cancer therapies[J]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2018, 15: 81-94. DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.166
    [25]
    Iijima Y, Hirotsu Y, Amemiya K, et al. Very early response of circulating tumour-derived DNA in plasma predicts efficacy of nivolumab treatment in patients with non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2017, 86: 349-357. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.09.004
    [26]
    Goldberg SB, Narayan A, Kole AJ, et al. Early Assess-ment of Lung Cancer Immunotherapy Response via Circulat-ing Tumor DNA[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 24: 1872-1880. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-1341
    [27]
    Li L, Wang Y, Shi W, et al. Serial ultra-deep sequencing of circulating tumor DNA reveals the clonal evolution in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with anti-PD1 immunotherapy[J]. Cancer Med, 2019, 8: 7669-7678. DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2632
    [28]
    Zulato E, Attili I, Pavan A, et al. Early assessment of KRAS mutation in cfDNA correlates with risk of progression and death in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. Br J Cancer, 2020, 123: 81-91. DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0833-7
    [29]
    Nicolazzo C, Raimondi C, Mancini M, et al. Monitoring PD-L1 positive circulating tumor cells in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with the PD-1 inhibitor Nivolumab[J]. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 31726. DOI: 10.1038/srep31726
    [30]
    Arasanz H, Zuazo M, Bocanegra A, et al. Early Detection of Hyperprogressive Disease in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Monitoring of Systemic T Cell Dynamics[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2020, 12: 344. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020344
    [31]
    Kim CG, Hong MH, Kim KH, et al. Dynamic changes in circulating PD-1(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes for predicting treatment response to PD-1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2021, 143: 113-126. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.10.028
    [32]
    Zhang F, Bai H, Gao R, et al. Dynamics of peripheral T cell clones during PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2020, 69: 2599-2611. DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02642-4
    [33]
    Zhang J, Ji Z, Caushi JX, et al. Compartmental Analysis of T-cell Clonal Dynamics as a Function of Pathologic Response to Neoadjuvant PD-1 Blockade in Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2020, 26: 1327-1337. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-2931
    [34]
    Han J, Duan J, Bai H, et al. TCR Repertoire Diversity of Peripheral PD-1(+)CD8(+) T Cells Predicts Clinical Outcomes after Immunotherapy in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. Cancer Immunol Res, 2020, 8: 146-154. DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-19-0398
    [35]
    Nakaya A, Kurata T, Yoshioka H, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an early marker of outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with nivolumab[J]. Int J Clin Oncol, 2018, 23: 634-640. DOI: 10.1007/s10147-018-1250-2
    [36]
    Kiriu T, Yamamoto M, Nagano T, et al. The time-series behavior of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is useful as a predictive marker in non-small cell lung cancer[J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13: e0193018. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193018
    [37]
    Sekine K, Kanda S, Goto Y, et al. Change in the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio is an early surrogate marker of the efficacy of nivolumab monotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer[J]. Lung Cancer, 2018, 124: 179-188. DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.08.012
    [38]
    Sanmamed MF, Perez-Gracia JL, Schalper KA, et al. Changes in serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels reflect and predict response to anti-PD-1 treatment in melanoma and non-small-cell lung cancer patients[J]. Ann Oncol, 2017, 28: 1988-1995. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx190
    [39]
    Keegan A, Ricciuti B, Garden P, et al. Plasma IL-6 changes correlate to PD-1 inhibitor responses in NSCLC[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2020, 8: e000678. DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000678
    [40]
    Anagnostou V, Forde PM, White JR, et al. Dynamics of Tumor and Immune Responses during Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. Cancer Res, 2019, 79: 1214-1225. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-1127
    [41]
    Nabet BY, Esfahani MS, Moding EJ, et al. Noninvasive Early Identification of Therapeutic Benefit from Immune Checkpoint Inhibition[J]. Cell, 2020, 183: 363-376.e313. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.001
    [42]
    Heitzer E, Haque IS, Roberts CES, et al. Current and future perspectives of liquid biopsies in genomics-driven oncology[J]. Nat Rev Genet, 2019, 20: 71-88. DOI: 10.1038/s41576-018-0071-5
    [43]
    Guibert N, Delaunay M, Lusque A, et al. PD-L1 expression in circulating tumor cells of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with nivolumab[J]. Lung Cancer, 2018, 120: 108-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.04.001
    [44]
    Tamminga M, de Wit S, Hiltermann TJN, et al. Circulat-ing tumor cells in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients are associated with worse tumor response to checkpoint inhibitors[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2019, 7: 173. DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0649-2
    [45]
    Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 366: 2443-2454. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200690
    [46]
    Tumeh PC, Harview CL, Yearley JH, et al. PD-1 block-ade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance[J]. Nature, 2014, 515: 568-571. DOI: 10.1038/nature13954
    [47]
    Gibney GT, Weiner LM, Atkins MB. Predictive biomarkers for checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2016, 17: e542-e551. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30406-5
    [48]
    Janning M, Kobus F, Babayan A, et al. Determination of PD-L1 Expression in Circulating Tumor Cells of NSCLC Patients and Correlation with Response to PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors[J]. Cancers(Basel), 2019, 11: 835.
    [49]
    Papadaki MA, Sotiriou AI, Vasilopoulou C, et al. Optimization of the Enrichment of Circulating Tumor Cells for Downstream Phenotypic Analysis in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2020, 12: 1556. DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061556
    [50]
    Guibert N, Delaunay M, Lusque A, et al. PD-L1 expression in circulating tumor cells of advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with nivolumab[J]. Lung Cancer, 2018, 120: 108-112. DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.04.001
    [51]
    Kagamu H, Kitano S, Yamaguchi O, et al. CD4(+) T-cell Immunity in the Peripheral Blood Correlates with Response to Anti-PD-1 Therapy[J]. Cancer Immunol Res, 2020, 8: 334-344. DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-19-0574
    [52]
    Yamauchi T, Hoki T, Oba T, et al. T-cell CX3CR1 expression as a dynamic blood-based biomarker of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12: 1402. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21619-0
    [53]
    Kidman J, Principe N, Watson M, et al. Characteristics of TCR Repertoire Associated With Successful Immune Checkpoint Therapy Responses[J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 587014.2
    [54]
    Chiffelle J, Genolet R, Perez MA, et al. T-cell repertoire analysis and metrics of diversity and clonality[J]. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 2020, 65: 284-295. DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.07.010
    [55]
    Mezquita L, Auclin E, Ferrara R, et al. Association of the Lung Immune Prognostic Index With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Outcomes in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2018, 4: 351-357. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.4771
    [56]
    Passiglia F, Galvano A, Castiglia M, et al. Monitoring blood biomarkers to predict nivolumab effectiveness in NSCLC patients[J]. Ther Adv Med Oncol, 2019, 11: 1758835919839928.
    [57]
    Simonaggio A, Elaidi R, Fournier L, et al. Variation in neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as predictor of outcomes in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) patients treated with nivolumab[J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2020, 69: 2513-2522. DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02637-1
    [58]
    Valero C, Lee M, Hoen D, et al. Pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and mutational burden as biomarkers of tumor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12: 729. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20935-9
    [59]
    Liu Q, Li A, Tian Y, et al. The CXCL8-CXCR1/2 pathways in cancer[J]. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev, 2016, 31: 61-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.08.002
    [60]
    Schalper KA, Carleton M, Zhou M, et al. Elevated serum interleukin-8 is associated with enhanced intratumor neutrophils and reduced clinical benefit of immune-checkpoint inhibitors[J]. Nat Med, 2020, 26: 688-692. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0856-x
    [61]
    Yuen KC, Liu LF, Gupta V, et al. High systemic and tumor-associated IL-8 correlates with reduced clinical benefit of PD-L1 blockade[J]. Nat Med, 2020, 26: 693-698. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0860-1
    [62]
    Bakouny Z, Choueiri TK. IL-8 and cancer prognosis on immunotherapy[J]. Nat Med, 2020, 26: 650-651. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0873-9
    [63]
    Li JJN, Karim K, Sung M, et al. Tobacco exposure and immunotherapy response in PD-L1 positive lung cancer patients[J]. Lung Cancer, 2020, 150: 159-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2020.10.023
    [64]
    Lee CK, Man J, Lord S, et al. Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic EGFR-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer-A Meta-Analysis[J]. J Thorac Oncol, 2017, 12: 403-407. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2016.10.007
  • Related Articles

    [1]LYU Zhengqin, ZHAO Yuhao, GUO Yuanyuan, LIU Beibei, LIU Jianmin. Research Progress on the Effect of Clinical Concomitant Medication on Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Urothelial Carcinoma[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2024, 15(2): 394-399. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2023-0488
    [2]ZENG Xinying, WEN Xuejun, GUO Zhide, ZHANG Xianzhong. Advances in Synergistic Antitumor Effects of Radiopharmaceuticals Combined with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2023, 14(4): 680-690. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2023-0159
    [3]LI Tao, ZHANG Kan, YANG Wenyu, LIU Lu, ZHENG Xuan, ZHANG Fan, HU Yi. Clinical Application of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors CTLA-4 in Solid Tumors[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2023, 14(3): 652-659. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2022-0617
    [4]WANG Shuo, DENG Yuntian, PENG Huan, ZHANG Xiangfeng. Progress in the Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2023, 14(2): 409-415. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2022-0151
    [5]Gynecological Oncology Society of Chinese Medical Association. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Gynecological Tumors[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2021, 12(6): 854-880. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0683
    [6]WU Ling-ge, XU Yan, LI Nai-shi. Thyrotoxicosis Related to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2021, 12(1): 129-135. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9081.2020.00.004
    [7]Yang GAO, Zhao SUN, Chun-mei BAI. Application of Immune-checkpoint Inhibitors in Recurrent/Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2020, 11(5): 626-630. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9081.2020.05.021
    [8]Hui TANG, Jian-feng ZHOU, Chun-mei BAI. Clinical Progress of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Elderly[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2020, 11(4): 459-464. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9081.2020.04.018
    [9]Jia-qi ZHANG, Lei LIU, Gui-ge WANG, Wen-liang BAI, Shan-qing LI. Clinical Pathological Features and Prognosis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer with Skip N2 Lymph Node Metastasis[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2019, 10(3): 272-277. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9081.2019.03.015
    [10]Ming-yang LIU, Jie CHEN, Jian GUAN. Local Injections of Cholesterol-conjugated let-7a Mimics Inhibit Tumor Growth and Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Subcutaneous Xenograft Nude Mouse Model by Targeting K-Ras, H-Ras, and N-Ras[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2015, 6(2): 133-139. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-9081.2015.02.012
  • Cited by

    Periodical cited type(5)

    1. 宋永波,赵璐,张艳苓,任武. 重组人血管内皮抑制素注射液联合GP化疗方案治疗晚期NSCLC的可行性. 临床合理用药. 2024(12): 13-16 .
    2. 刘家骏,刘国康,朱玉虎. 免疫相关性重症肺炎1例. 北京大学学报(医学版). 2024(05): 932-937 .
    3. 李蓉. 肿瘤微环境与免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期非小细胞肺癌治疗中的协同效应. 结核与肺部疾病杂志. 2024(S1): 27-29 .
    4. 王冰冰,高宏,李夏平. 中晚期恶性肿瘤患者中药联合免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的疗效相关性探析. 中医临床研究. 2023(14): 50-56 .
    5. 王峰,李梅,张艳,沈洪. 艾迪注射液联合化疗治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效及安全性分析. 中国现代药物应用. 2023(23): 25-28 .

    Other cited types(1)

Catalog

    Article Metrics

    Article views (553) PDF downloads (141) Cited by(6)
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return
    x Close Forever Close