Imaging Manifestations of Respiratory Diseases Associated with Connective Tissue Diseases
-
摘要: 结缔组织病累及呼吸系统可表现为间质性肺疾病、弥漫性肺泡损伤、肺泡出血、肺血管病变、胸膜病变及气道病变等。其临床表现缺乏特异性, 肺功能和胸部CT是最常用的检查手段。不同结缔组织病累及呼吸系统的影像特征具有相似性, 但又各具特点。本文就结缔组织病呼吸系统受累相关影像表现进行概述, 以提升读者的认知并指导临床实践。Abstract: Respiratory manifestations of connective tissue diseases include interstitial lung diseases, diffuse alveolar injury, alveolar hemorrhage, pulmonary vascular lesions, pleural lesions and airway disease. Their clinical symptoms were not specific. Pulmonary function test and chest computed tomography come to be the most frequently applied examinations. Different connective tissue diseases involving respiratory system have not only common features but also characteristic imaging patterns. In this paper, imaging manifestations of respiratory diseases associated with connective tissue diseases were reviewed, so as to improve readers' recognition of the diseases and guide clinical practice.
-
Keywords:
- respiratory system /
- connective tissue diseases /
- imaging
-
放线菌病是一种罕见的慢性肉芽肿性病变,由放线菌属的革兰氏阳性厌氧菌感染所致,最常见的感染部位是口、咽、颈部。其中女性盆腔放线菌病占20%,几乎均与宫内节育器(intrauterine device,IUD)有关。本文就盆腔放线菌病的流行病学、临床表现、病理特点、诊断和治疗进行综述。
1. 流行病学和高危因素
1.1 生物学特点
放线菌是鼻咽部、胃肠道和泌尿生殖系的寄生菌,在黏膜破损时可侵犯局部组织和器官而致病。因此放线菌病大部分是内源性感染疾病,根据感染部位的不同,常同时分离出其他寄生菌,如伴放线聚生杆菌、侵蚀艾肯菌、梭菌属、拟杆菌属、二氧化碳噬纤维菌属、葡萄球菌(包括金黄色葡萄球菌)、链球菌属(包括β溶血性淋球菌和肺炎淋球菌)或肠杆菌。动物研究提示这些病原体通过抑制宿主防卫而有助于放线菌感染[1]。在超过30多种的放线菌类型中,衣氏放线菌是感染人类病原体中最为常见的放线菌,其他亚型则与一些特定的临床综合征有关。
1.2 流行病学
放线菌病十分罕见,在发达国家中发生率大约为(1~6)/100万人[2-3],呈下降趋势,可能与卫生条件改善和广谱抗生素应用有关[4]。病例系列报道发现男性感染率是女性的3倍[5],而盆腔感染则主要见于携带IUD的女性,以及妇科操作后发生的个例报道,如经阴道放置补片治疗盆底器官脱垂[6]、放置吊带治疗尿失禁[7]、辅助生育后[8]及全子宫切除后发生盆腔放线菌病的病例[9]。盆腔放线菌病累及膀胱和输尿管的病例比生殖系感染少见,但仍需对此进行鉴别[3, 10]。
1.3 高危因素
放线菌病多见于20~60岁人群、男性个体(除了盆腔放线菌病)和糖尿病患者,免疫状态与放线菌病的关系并不清楚[2]。口、咽、颈部筋膜是最常见的放线菌病受累部位,其他感染部位包括胸部(15%~20%)、盆腹腔(20%)和中枢神经系统等[11]。由于抗生素的广泛应用,播散性放线菌病较为罕见。腹腔放线菌病者65%患有急性阑尾炎(尤其是穿孔型),也见于胃肠道穿孔、既往手术史、肿瘤、胃肠道或泌尿系异物等情况[12-13]。
尽管盆腔放线菌病可能来自腹腔感染的播散,但绝大部分病例为与IUD有关的原发感染[14-15]。患者应用IUD病史一般较长(超过2年),可能伴有发热、阴道分泌物、盆腹腔痛或体重降低等临床表现[14, 16]。有研究者根据IUD和盆腔放线菌病的关系建议每5年更换一次IUD[17]。围绝经期取出IUD可能是最好的预防措施。目前尚不清楚不同材质IUD相关放线菌病发病率的差异。
2. 盆腔放线菌病的临床表现及诊断
2.1 临床表现
放线菌病较为少见,缺少特异性的临床表现,92%的病例首诊时未考虑放线菌病[18-19]。如下临床表现需要警惕盆腔放线菌病:惰性病程、慢性病史、包块样表现、窦道形成(可能自愈或再次形成)、播散至整个组织平面、短期抗生素无效或复发等[19]。对于应用IUD、盆腔包块疑似恶性肿瘤的女性患者,均需考虑放线菌病[20]。
根据感染部位不同,盆腔放线菌病有截然不同的临床表现,如盆腔炎和内膜炎[21]。放线菌引起的急性盆腔炎较为少见,病程一般在2个月左右。如不合并腹膜炎,盆腔放线菌病高热情况并不多见。但也有罕见情况下盆腔放线菌病表现为严重感染,如IUD相关放线菌病可导致中毒性休克综合征[22]、肠道穿孔[23]、子宫穿孔[24]、急性腹膜炎,甚至肝脓肿及静脉血栓形成[25]。
2.2 诊断
由于缺乏特异性临床表现,盆腔放线菌病的诊断存在困难。对于未找到致病菌或标准抗感染治疗无效的盆腔感染,尤其是IUD患者,均需考虑盆腔放线菌病的鉴别诊断。应及时取出IUD进行组织病理分析和微生物培养[3]。
2.2.1 血液学检查
盆腔放线菌病的血液学检查并不特异,可能有贫血、轻度白细胞升高、红细胞沉降率和超敏-C反应蛋白增加等表现。患者会出现糖链抗原125升高,如合并盆腔包块,与卵巢癌的鉴别诊断非常困难。
2.2.2 影像学表现
在盆腔放线菌病感染的早期阶段影像学并不特异,与其他局灶炎性或癌症过程类似,不具诊断价值。但与其他感染相关影像学不同,放线菌病中局灶或局域淋巴腺病(即淋巴结肿大)非常罕见。在感染晚期,影像学上组织平面有浸润表现,其中窦道形成最为常见,但这种影像学表现对于放线菌病并不特异,可见于其他重症感染以及肿瘤浸润[26-27]。
2.2.3 组织病理学诊断
盆腔放线菌病组织病理学和微生物学诊断灵敏度都不足50%[19]。一项9例盆腔放线菌病的研究中,7例通过宫颈和内膜细胞学检查获得回顾性诊断,50%通过病理确诊,仅有1例因细菌培养而确诊[28]。革兰氏阳性的丝状微生物和组织学检查发现的硫磺颗粒强烈支持放线菌素的诊断。硫磺颗粒是在苏木精伊红染色中微生物的集落,表现为圆形或卵圆形嗜碱性团块,带有嗜碱性的棒状末端结构。然而并非所有放线菌病的病例都能发现硫磺颗粒。在Brown[29]总结的181例病例中,56%可见1~3个颗粒,26%可见1个颗粒,3%未见硫磺颗粒。此外,其他病变如诺卡菌病、着色真菌病和葡萄状菌病等也可有硫磺颗粒表现。特异的染色包括革兰氏染色、高莫利甲胺银染色和吉姆萨染色,可以见到革兰氏阳性的分支状丝状细菌。种属特异的荧光抗体染色可以快速识别放线菌,甚至在福尔马林固定标本后也能实现。传统染色和种属特异染色具有很好的相关性,对于混合感染的诊断有更好的特异性。这些方法是目前诊断放线菌病的主要方案。
2.2.4 微生物学诊断
放线菌病的确诊需要从临床标本中或硫磺颗粒中直接分离出放线菌。最合适的临床标本是脓液、组织或硫磺颗粒。拭子并不合适,很难用于显微镜检查。可考虑在CT或多普勒超声引导下穿刺获取脓液样本。放线菌在37 ℃的无氧环境下缓慢生长,可能需要3周之久。但由于既往抗生素治疗、合并微生物的过度增长或方法学不足等原因,培养成功率很低,不足50%[19]。因此,临床医师应与实验室进行充分沟通,说明检查目的,并建议在合适的培养基中进行较长时间培养。
2.2.5 血清学方法
血清学检查炎性指标和培养病原体等诊断方案的灵敏度和特异度都值得进一步考察,目前应用十分有限[30]。
2.2.6 分子生物学方法
一些新的分子遗传学方法,如聚合酶链式反应、16s rRNA测序、原位杂交荧光以及质谱分析可以更加快速和准确地进行诊断。在英国16s rRNA测序是诊断放线菌的标准方案。16s rDNA测序是利用高通量测序(二代测序)方法对细菌进行种属鉴定从而快速获得细菌种属信息的方法,特异度接近100%,灵敏度超过组织病理学诊断[2]。该方法应用简便,观察者偏倚较低,但是目前费用高于组织病理学。
2.3 鉴别诊断
盆腔放线菌病需要考虑的鉴别诊断包括:阑尾炎、肠道结核、卵巢脓肿、盆腔脓肿、恶性肿瘤、淋巴瘤、慢性盆腔炎、局限性肠炎、炎症性肠病、胃肠道憩室炎、子宫内膜异位症及盆腔炎等[31]。有时盆腔放线菌病以盆腔包块、腹部转移和积水以及腹膜后淋巴结肿大为突出表现,与妇科肿瘤的鉴别尤其困难[32]。
3. 盆腔放线菌病的治疗
现代治疗学强调个体化,确切的治疗选择需根据患者感染部位、是否合并感染及其类型、严重程度和治疗效果进行决策,并进行临床和影像学随诊,确保疾病最终消退。
3.1 药物治疗
药物治疗是盆腔放线菌病治疗的基础和首选[33]。药物选择上,首选药物应覆盖感染部位培养出的所有致病菌。放线菌素对青霉素的耐药非常少见,既往均以大剂量静脉青霉素G(1800~2400万IU/d)治疗2~6周,继而口服青霉素V(2~4 g/d)治疗6~12个月作为首选方案。但考虑到有些种属对于某些药物会产生耐药[34],以及常合并其他致病菌,目前推荐盆腔放线菌病一线药物应考虑β内酰胺类和β内酰胺酶抑制剂(如克拉维酸或他唑巴坦),从而覆盖可能产β内酰胺酶的致病菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌、革兰氏阴性厌氧菌和肠杆菌类[34]。因此,对于盆腹腔放线菌病,可能的治疗选择包括阿莫西林克拉维酸联合抗厌氧菌药物,如有耐药的肠杆菌属,还可加上氨基糖甙类(如庆大霉素)。哌拉西林他唑巴坦或碳青霉烯类(亚胺培南或美罗培南)也是比较合适的替代选择。对于青霉素过敏的患者,可考虑多西环素、米诺环素、林可霉素和红霉素[35]。除头孢曲松、哌拉西林他唑巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南,其他新型β内酰胺类治疗放线菌的临床数据较少。体外无治疗活性的抗生素包括:甲硝唑、氨基糖甙类、喹诺酮类、苯唑西林、双氯西林和头孢氨苄[36],这些药物不应单独用于治疗。
放线菌病的抗生素治疗疗程取决于初始疾病负荷、是否行切除手术及患者对治疗的反应。传统推荐的6~12个月可能未必适用于所有患者,盆腔放线菌病可能适合短期的抗生素治疗,手术切除病灶后经过3个月的抗感染治疗即可痊愈,也有1~2个月抗感染治疗后实现痊愈的报道[2]。对于无手术治疗的患者,短期口服抗生素治疗实现痊愈也是可能的[37]。如应用短期抗感染治疗,需要密切随访临床和影像学反应[38]。
3.2 手术治疗
手术切除感染组织用于严重的坏死组织、窦道形成或瘘形成。如果经皮穿刺不能引流出脓肿,需要考虑恶性肿瘤的情况。手术决策必须个体化,对于药物治疗无效的患者,手术可能是比较可靠的方案。如邓姗等[39]指出,手术目的在于切除坏死组织和瘘管、引流脓肿、解除脏器梗阻、多点活组织检查和改善抗生素疗效等。
3.3 宫内节育器的处理
对于放置IUD的盆腹腔放线菌病,一般推荐取出IUD。一线随机研究发现抗生素治疗加上取出IUD对消除生殖道放线菌更加有效[40]。对于腹腔放线菌病也推荐取出IUD[2]。
4. 预后
放线菌病的预后取决于感染部位、从诊断到治疗的时间以及开始对症治疗的时间等因素,死亡率为0~28%。中枢神经系统感染的死亡率最高[41]。与其他部位情况相比,盆腔放线菌病患者严重合并症发生率和复发率均较低,致死性报道罕见。尚无盆腔放线菌病治疗后的生育结局相关资料。
5. 小结
盆腔放线菌病是罕见的生殖道感染性疾病,IUD为常见的高危因素。盆腔放线菌病的临床症状和表现并不特异,包括发热、腹痛、分泌物增加、盆腔包块等,鉴别诊断困难,既往诊断依靠组织病理学和微生物学检测,但分子生物学诊断的地位日益重要。药物是首选治疗方案,疗程较长,有别于其他生殖道感染的情况。手术主要用于切除感染组织,如严重的坏死组织、窦道形成或瘘形成。与其他部位情况相比,盆腔放线菌病严重并发症及复发率较低,总体预后较好。
利益冲突 无 -
[1] Ohno Y, Koyama H, Yoshikawa T, et al. State-of-the-Art Imaging of the Lung for Connective Tissue Disease (CTD)[J]. Curr Rheumatol Rep, 2015, 17:69. DOI: 10.1007/s11926-015-0546-8
[2] Akira M, Sakatani M, Hara H. Thin-section CT findings in rheumatoid arthritis-associated lung disease:CT patterns and their courses[J]. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 1999, 23:941-948. DOI: 10.1097/00004728-199911000-00021
[3] Karampitsakos T, Tzouvelekis A, Chrysikos S, et al. Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease[J]. Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.03.002.[Epub ahead of print].
[4] 冷晓梅, 田军伟, 艾脉兴, 等.自身免疫性疾病并发肺动脉高压83例临床分析[J].中华风湿病学杂志, 2006, 10:97-100. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-FSBZ200602013.htm [5] Bazan IS, Mensah KA, Rudkovskaia AA, et al. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in the setting of scleroderma is different than in the setting of lupus:A review[J]. Respir Med, 2018, 134:42-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.11.020
[6] 郑亚国, 熊长明, 柳志红, 等.CT测量主肺动脉直径在肺动脉高压诊断中的作用研究[J].中华临床医师杂志, 2014, 8:31-35. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-ZLYD201401007.htm [7] Pamboucas C, Nihoyannopoulos P. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance:its role in the diagnosis and evaluation of pul-monary arterial hypertension[J]. Rev Esp Cardiol, 2006, 59:755-760. DOI: 10.1157/13091877
[8] Anaya JM, Diethelm L, Ortiz LA, et al. Pulmonary involvement in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 1995, 24:242-254. DOI: 10.1016/S0049-0172(95)80034-4
[9] Antin-Ozerkis D, Rubinowitz A, Evans J, et al. Interstitial Lung Disease in the Connective Tissue Diseases[J]. Clin Chest Med, 2012, 33:123-149. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2012.01.004
[10] Tansey D, Wells AU, Colby TV, et al. Variations in histological patterns of interstitial pneumonia between connective tissue disorders and their relationship to prognosis[J]. Histopathology, 2004, 44:585-596. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01896.x
[11] Silva CI, Müller NL, Lynch DA, et al. Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis:differentiation from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia by using thin-section CT[J]. Radiology, 2008; 246:288-297. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2453061881
[12] Kligerman SJ, Groshong S, Brown KK, et al. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia:radiologic, clinical, and pathologic considerations[J]. Radio Graphics, 2009, 29:73-87. DOI: 10.1148/rg.291085096
[13] Mayberry JP, Primack SL, Müller NL. Thoracic manifesta-tions of systemic autoimmune diseases:radiographic and high-resolution CT findings[J]. Radio Graphics, 2000, 20:1623-1635. DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.20.6.g00nv031623
[14] Zamora MR, Warner ML, Tuder R, et al. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and systemic lupus erythematosus:clinical presentation, histology, survival, and outcome[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 1997, 76:192-202. DOI: 10.1097/00005792-199705000-00005
[15] Wan SA, Teh CL, Jobli AT. Lupus Pneumonitis as the Initial Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus:Case Series from a Single Institution[J]. Lupus, 2016, 25:1485-1490. DOI: 10.1177/0961203316646461
[16] Weinrib L, Sharma OP, Quismorio FP. A long-term study of interstitial lung disease in systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 1990, 20:48-56. DOI: 10.1016/0049-0172(90)90094-V
[17] Gladman DD, Urowitz MB. Venous syndromes and pulmonary embolism in systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 1980, 39:340-343. DOI: 10.1136/ard.39.4.340
[18] Mittoo S, Fell CD. Pulmonary Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus[J]. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2014, 35:249-254. DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371537
[19] Bankier AA, Kiener HP, Wiesmayr MN, et al. Discrete lung involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus:CT assessment[J]. Radiology, 1995, 196:835-840. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.196.3.7644652
[20] Fenlon HM, Doran M, Sant SM, et al. High-resolution chest CT in systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1996, 166:301-307. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.166.2.8553934
[21] Kinder BW, Freemer MM, King TE, et al. Clinical and genetic risk factors for pneumonia in systemic lupus erythe-matosus[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2007, 56:2679-2686. DOI: 10.1002/art.22804
[22] Chansakul T, Dellaripa PF, Doyle TJ, et al. Intra-Thoracic Rheumatoid Arthritis:Imaging Spectrum of Typical Findings and Treatment Related Complications[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2015, 84:1981-1991. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.07.008
[23] Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Cortet B, et al. Lung changes in rheumatoid arthritis:CT findings[J]. Radiology, 1994, 193:375-382. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.193.2.7972746
[24] Franquet T. High-resolution CT of lung disease related to collagen vascular disease[J]. Radiol Clin North Am, 2001, 39:1171-1187. DOI: 10.1016/S0033-8389(05)70337-7
[25] Lieberman-Maran L, Orzano IM, Passero MA, et al. Bronchiectasis in rheumatoid arthritis:report of four cases and a review of the literature-implications for management with biologic response modifiers[J]. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2006, 35:379-387. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.02.003
[26] Hakala M, Pääkkö P, Sutinen S, et al. Association of bronchiolitis with connective tissue disorders[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 1986, 45:656-662. DOI: 10.1136/ard.45.8.656
[27] Aquino SL, Webb WR, Golden J. Bronchiolitis obliterans associated with rheumatoid arthritis:findings on HRCT and dynamic expiratory CT[J]. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 1994, 18:555-558. DOI: 10.1097/00004728-199407000-00008
[28] Muller-Leisse C, Bussmann A, Meyer O, et al. Pulmonary manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis:high-resolution com-puted tomography in correlation with the skeletal changes and laboratory chemical changes[J]. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr, 1996, 165:438-444. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1015786
[29] Kelly CA, Saravanan V, Nisar M, et al. Rheumatoid Arthritis-Related Interstitial Lung Disease:Associations, Prognostic Factors and Physiological and Radiological Characteristics-a Large Multicentre Uk Study[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2014, 53:1676-1682. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu165
[30] Lee HK, Kim DS, Yoo B, et al. Histopathologic pattern and clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease[J].Chest, 2005, 127:2019-2027. DOI: 10.1378/chest.127.6.2019
[31] Srinivas S, Dhelaria R, Pai D, et al. Multiple calcified pulmonary nodules:an unusual presentation of rheumatoid lung[J]. Clin Radiol, 2007, 62:274-276. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2006.10.001
[32] Caplan A. Certain unusual radiological appearances in the chest of coal-miners suffering from rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Thorax, 1953, 8:29-37. DOI: 10.1136/thx.8.1.29
[33] Solomon JJ, Olson AL, Fischer A, et al. Scleroderma Lung Disease[J]. Eur Respir Rev, 2013, 22:6-19. DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00005512
[34] Wells AU, Steen V, Valentini G. Pulmonary complications:one of the most challenging complications of systemic sclerosis[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2009, 48:iii40-iii44. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487223
[35] Fujita J, Yoshinouchi T, Ohtsuki Y, et al. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia as pulmonary involvement of systemic sclerosis[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2001, 60:281-283. DOI: 10.1136/ard.60.3.281
[36] Mayberry JP, Primack SL, Müller NL. Thoracic manifesta-tions of systemic autoimmune diseases:radiographic and high-resolution CT findings[J]. Radio Graphics, 2000, 20:1623-1635. DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.20.6.g00nv031623
[37] Remy-Jardin M, Remy J, Wallaert B, et al. Pulmonary involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis:sequential evaluation with CT, pulmonary function tests, and bronchoa-lveolar lavage[J]. Radiology, 1993, 188:499-506. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.188.2.8327704
[38] Kim EA, Johkoh T, Lee KS, et al. Interstitial pneumonia in progressive systemic sclerosis:serial high-resolution CT findings with functional correlation[J]. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 2001, 25:757-763. DOI: 10.1097/00004728-200109000-00015
[39] Shah RM, Jimenez S, Wechsler R. Significance of ground-glass opacity on HRCT in long-term follow-up of patients with systemic sclerosis[J]. J Thorac Imaging, 2007, 22:120-124. DOI: 10.1097/01.rti.0000213572.16904.40
[40] Coral-Alvarado P, Pardo AL, Castaño-Rodriguez N, et al. Systemic sclerosis:a worldwide global analysis[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2009, 28:757-765. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-009-1144-9
[41] Marasini B, Conciato L, Belloli L, et al. Systemic sclerosis and cancer[J]. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2009, 22:573-578. DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200303
[42] Yang Y, Fujita J, Tokuda M, et al. Chronological evaluation of the onset of histologically confirmed interstitial pneumonia associated with polymyositis/dermatomyositis[J]. Intern Med, 2002, 41:1135-1141. DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.41.1135
[43] Hallowell RW, Ascherman DP, Danoff SK. Pulmonary manifestations of polymyositis/dermatomyositis[J]. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2014, 35:239-248. DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371528
[44] Tazelaar HD, Viggiano RW, Pickersgill J, et al. Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis:clinical features and prognosis as correlated with histologic findings[J]. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1990, 141:727-733. DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/141.3.727
[45] Verstraeten AS, Verbrugghe W, Wuyts W. A Patient with interstitial lung disease secondary to dermatomyositis:A case report and review of the literature[J]. Acta Clin Belg, 2013, 68:240-244. DOI: 10.2143/ACB.3276
[46] Akira M, Hara H, Sakatani M. Interstitial lung disease in association with polymyositis-dermatomyositis:long-term follow-up CT evaluation in seven patients[J]. Radiology, 1999, 210:333-338. DOI: 10.1148/radiology.210.2.r99ja15333
[47] kezoe J, Johkoh T, Kohno N, et al. High-resolution CT findings of lung disease in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis[J]. J Thorac Imaging, 1996, 11:250-259. DOI: 10.1097/00005382-199623000-00002
[48] Bonnefoy O, Ferretti G, Calaque O, et al. Serial chest Ct findings in interstitial lung disease associated with polymyositis-dermatomyositis[J]. Eur J Radiol, 2004, 49:235-244. DOI: 10.1016/S0720-048X(03)00094-9
[49] Chen MH, Chou HP, Lai CC, et al. Lung involvement in primary Sjögren's syndrome:correlation between high-resolution computed tomography score and mortality[J]. J Chin Med Assoc, 2014, 77:75-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcma.2013.11.001
[50] Flament T, Bigot A, Chaigne B, et al. Pulmonary Manifestations of Sjögren's Syndrome[J]. Eur Respir Rev, 2016, 25:110-123. DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0011-2016
[51] Parambil JG, Myers JL, Lindell RM, et al. Interstitial lung disease in primary Sjögren syndrome[J]. Chest, 2006, 130:1489-1495. DOI: 10.1378/chest.130.5.1489
[52] Lynch DA. Lung disease related to collagen vascular disease[J]. J Thorac Imaging, 2009, 24:299-309. DOI: 10.1097/RTI.0b013e3181c1acec
[53] Panchabhai TS, Farver C, Highland KB. Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia[J]. Clin Chest Med, 2016, 37:463-474. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2016.04.009
[54] Koyama M, Johkoh T, Honda O, et al. Pulmonary involve-ment in primary Sjögren's syndrome:spectrum of pulmonary abnormalities and computed tomography findings in 60 patients[J]. J Thorac Imaging, 2001, 16:94-98. DOI: 10.1097/00005382-200104000-00005
[55] Yachoui R, Leon C, Sitwala K, et al. Pulmonary malt lymphoma in patients with Sjögren's syndrome[J]. Clin Med Res, 2017, 15:6-12. DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2017.1341
[56] Honda O, Johkoh T, Ichikado K, et al. Differential diagnosis of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia and malignant lymphoma on high-resolution CT[J]. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1999, 173:71-74. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.173.1.10397102
[57] Bodolay E, Szekanecz Z, Dévényi K, et al. Evaluation of interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD)[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2005, 44:656-661. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh575
[58] Fagundes MN, Caleiro MT, Navarro-Rodriguez T, et al. Esophageal involvement and interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease[J]. Respir Med, 2009, 103:854-860. DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.12.018
[59] Lee-Chiong TL. Pulmonary manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis and relapsing polychondritis[J]. Clin Chest Med, 1998, 19:747-757. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-5231(05)70114-3
[60] Hallowell RW, Ascherman DP, Danoff SK. Pulmonary manifestations of polymyositis/dermatomyositis[J]. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2014, 35:239-248. DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1371528
[61] Cottin V. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias with connective tissue diseases features:A review[J]. Respirology, 2016, 21:245-258. DOI: 10.1111/resp.12588
-
期刊类型引用(6)
1. 姚儒,郝志鑫,屈洋,张超,李唯佳,郎洁,潘博,周易冬,孙强,霍力. 新型~(18)F-FES PET/CT无创功能性诊断乳腺癌迟发性肺转移致霍纳综合征一例. 协和医学杂志. 2024(03): 702-707 . 本站查看
2. 吕菲菲,臧爱华. 肺腺癌乳腺转移超声及超声造影表现1例. 中国临床医学影像杂志. 2024(07): 517-518 . 百度学术
3. 唐杰,陈重. 男性肺腺癌对侧乳腺转移超声造影一例. 实用肿瘤杂志. 2022(04): 367-368 . 百度学术
4. 丁昌懋,罗成龙,张文志,宋一曼,王丰,高剑波. 平扫CT特征联合纹理分析鉴别经治乳腺癌患者肺部单发转移癌与原发腺癌. 中国医学影像技术. 2022(09): 1331-1335 . 百度学术
5. 刘芃昊,王月坤,连欣,何家琳,梁乃新,李永强,斯晓燕,王汉萍,张力,有慧,程欣,张晓波,赵大春,马文斌,王裕. 一例肾细胞癌脑转移患者的5次MDT:“量体裁衣”的个体化诊疗模式. 协和医学杂志. 2021(04): 575-583 . 本站查看
6. 娄宁,牛一茹,杨帆,卢朝辉. 肺转移性肿瘤临床病理学特征分析. 中华病理学杂志. 2021(09): 1039-1044 . 百度学术
其他类型引用(0)