Expert Consensus on Prehabilitation Management for Enhanced Recovery in Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery(2022)
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摘要: 预康复管理是加速术后康复的重要内容和启动环节。胸外科手术前多模式预康复可提高患者的围术期功能状态、改善手术预后的临床意义已得到广泛认可。但胸外科预康复的具体实施流程与内容尚缺乏指导规范,临床应用中也存在一定困惑。《基于加速术后康复的胸外科手术预康复管理专家共识(2022)》基于循证医学证据及多次专家讨论结果,在胸外科预康复适用范围、推荐应用时间、预康复前综合评估、具体实施内容及管理流程5个方面达成了初步共识,将为临床工作提供有益指导。Abstract: Prehabilitation is the important starting part of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS). Multimodal prehabilitation management before thoracic surgery can increase the perioperative functional capacity of patients and help to improve the prognosis, which has been widely recognized. However, there are no guide- lines or standards of specific contents and implementation process of thoracic prehabilitation, causing some confusion in clinical practice. Expert Consensus on Prehabilitation Management for Enhanced Recovery in Patients undergoing Thoracic Surgery (2022) helps to provide a feasible guideline for clinical prehabilitaion practice, which was based on evidence-based medicine and experts' discussion to reach a preliminary consensus on five aspects of prehabilitation in thoracic surgery, including the indication, recommended duration, comprehensive evaluation before prehabilitation, specific practice contents, and management process.
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医疗美容(下文简称“医美”)旨在通过手术、药物及其他有创性医疗手段,对人体不同部位进行修复与重塑,以达到美容的目的。区别于生活美容,医美的本质是医学,是有一定创伤的美容治疗。近年来,随着我国医美市场的迅速扩大,医美麻醉的发展面临巨大挑战,麻醉安全问题频出,一度成为社会关注的焦点。本文概述我国医美行业的历史以及医美麻醉的现状、问题及其规范管理等,以期为行业发展提供借鉴。
1. 中国医美行业的历史沿革
清朝末年,医美由西方传入中国。据史料记载,1909年一位名叫“吉凌汉”的美国女医士在上海为民众实施医美手术,其广告也屡屡见诸《申报》[1]。从此,医美作为一种新生事物逐渐为大众所熟知[2]。伴随着我国医学技术尤其是“消毒术”和“麻醉术”的发展,医美逐渐与外科学相结合,得以稳固地发展起来。20世纪20年代的上海和北京,少数有钱人在一些医学院外科教授和日本开业医师的帮助下实施唇裂以及眼、鼻整形美容手术,但并不普及[3]。
1945年抗日战争胜利后, 上海第二医学院(现上海交通大学医学院)的张涤生教授和华西大学(现四川大学华西医学院)宋儒耀教授开始在上海和北京创立中国整形修复外科[3]。1948年,国民政府邀请美国整形外科专家及助手到上海开设整形外科研修班,以培养专门的整形外科人才[2]。
新中国成立前后,受传统观念的影响,运用医疗手段改变容貌的需求并不多,创伤后的疤痕修复则更为普遍。之后的半个多世纪以来,颅面外科、疤痕外科、显微外科、器官再造、脉管畸形、淋巴水肿等技术在我国得到较快发展,但相比西方发达国家仍然滞后[3]。20世纪90年代起,一批国外先进的整形美容理念、医疗器械和技术陆续进入中国。近10年来,互联网医美平台逐渐成为行业支柱。2020年底,中国共有13 000多个已注册的医美机构,市场规模达到1418亿元,约1520万消费群体,从业人员超过10万人。目前,中国已跃居成为世界第二大医美国家,预计至2030年,我国医美市场排名将位于全球第一[4-5]。
2. 中国医美麻醉现状与问题
2.1 医美麻醉学科配置
现阶段中国的医美机构主要分为公立医院(包括整形美容科、修复科、皮肤科等)和非公立医美机构两大类[6]。
2.1.1 公立医院
相对而言,公立医院拥有专业能力更强的麻醉学专家、更先进的麻醉药品和技术,在医美麻醉学科建设方面也更为规范,是国内医美行业重要的组成部分,反映了我国医美麻醉的整体学术水平和临床业务能力。公立医院麻醉科除承担医美麻醉业务外,还承担了大量整形修复手术麻醉工作,部分特别复杂的整形修复手术需要多学科团队协作共同完成。
笔者团队近期采用问卷调查的形式调研了全国244家医美机构的麻醉现状,其中118家为公立医院,其麻醉科配置比例接近100%,且医美手术间的专职麻醉医生配备大于1人/间,麻醉学科建制完整、人力资源丰富、培训体系完善。相比非公立医美机构,公立医院的麻醉医生职称分布更为合理,学历层次也相对更高;此外,在麻醉设施方面,公立医院麻醉恢复室的设置和麻醉相关设备的配备也更优[6]。
2.1.2 非公立医美机构
《2021年医疗美容行业白皮书》显示,由于市场需求旺盛,医美市场快速扩张,非公立医美机构的规模和数量逐渐占据行业主导地位[7]。但总体而言,非公立机构多从事相对简单的医美手术。根据笔者统计数据,非公立医美机构需要麻醉服务的手术占比低于50%,因此麻醉学科相比公立医院发展滞后;约15%的非公立医美机构无专职麻醉医生,显著低于公立医院,且近35%的非公立医美机构的麻醉服务需聘请外院兼职麻醉医生完成[6]。
2.2 医美麻醉类型与风险
医美手术特点是头面部手术多、注射充填术多、多部位手术多[6]。局部麻醉是体表医美手术最常用的麻醉方式,可由整形美容外科医生自行操作,如双眼皮手术、皮肤清创缝合、注射填充、面部线雕提升等。但需注意局部麻醉药过量导致的中毒反应,尤其是多部位医美手术。
静脉镇静/镇痛、全身麻醉、椎管内麻醉和外周神经阻滞需要麻醉医师参与,其中以静脉镇静/镇痛和全身麻醉为主,两者总和超过90%。静脉镇静/镇痛可使患者处于放松状态,同时保持气道功能,适用于隆鼻、吸脂、眼部整形等时间相对较长的手术,也可用于缓解局部麻醉患者的紧张情绪。风险在于过度镇静引起的误吸、气道梗阻或窒息,因此需要麻醉医师精准调控镇静深度,以维持术中患者自主呼吸。
随着镇静/镇痛药物剂量递增,患者完全失去意识,此时相当于全身麻醉,主要用于复杂的肋软骨综合鼻整形、颧骨整形、全面部除皱、下颌角截骨、大面积吸脂手术、乳房整形等。异丙酚起效快、恢复快,是理想的全身麻醉药物,但在无气道保护情况下易导致气道不良事件。手术部位常毗邻气道,易造成术中呼吸回路意外脱管而引起窒息。头面部血管丰富,因术后血肿引起的紧急气道危象也不少见[7-8]。此外,超过30%的全身麻醉患者术后会发生恶心呕吐,需要麻醉医师及时干预[9]。主治以上职称的麻醉医师才能独立实施全身麻醉。
椎管内麻醉和外周神经阻滞应用相对有限,主要用于躯干和四肢手术。这类麻醉也需要主治以上职称的麻醉医师才能独立实施。
2.3 医美麻醉行业乱象问题
目前我国麻醉总体死亡率为1/10万,尽管尚无具体数据,但从现有资料来看,医美麻醉死亡率远高于1/10万[10]。主要原因是现阶段我国医美机构,尤其是非公立医美机构仍存在麻醉“三非”问题,即非法医疗场所、非资质人员从事麻醉和非正规供药渠道[11]。
2.3.1 非法医疗场所
《2020年中国医疗美容行业洞察白皮书》披露,2019年具备医美资质的机构约为1.3万家(2017年为9000家),无资质医美机构数量估算超过8万家(2017年为6万家)[12]。无资质医美机构普遍无麻醉科,需要时则临时外请兼职麻醉医师。为了控制人力/ 物力成本,一名麻醉医师往往同时监管多台手术,静脉全麻成了大部分非公立医美机构首选的麻醉方式,但低估了这种“无气道保护装置全麻”的风险。
2.3.2 非资质人员从事麻醉
中华医学会麻醉学分会主任委员、中国医学科学院北京协和医院黄宇光教授曾在中国非公立医疗机构协会麻醉专业委员会2020年麻醉学术会议开幕式上提到,“多数非公立医美机构缺乏行业准入门槛,缺乏更多有经验的麻醉医师为医美手术患者保驾护航,手术安全监护条件不达标,这是相关麻醉事故的主要原因”。据中国医师协会麻醉医师分会2018年统计数据,中国麻醉医师缺口为30万人。如果按照年手术量10%递增,麻醉医师年增长应为8000人,实际仅为4000人,而分配至医美行业者则寥寥无几。有的非公立医美机构甚至由外科医生兼职麻醉医师,其缺乏相应资质和必要培训,业务能力不足,因此麻醉隐患丛生。
2.3.3 非正规供药渠道
麻醉精神管制药品需要“五专”管理,即:专人负责、专柜加锁、专用账册、专用处方、专册登记,但一些非公立医美机构实施起来却存在困难,这也给“包药包台”等不合规方式可乘之机,难以保证药物供货渠道正规与合法,并最终指向一个根本性问题——缺乏必要的规范和监管。
3. 中国医美麻醉行业规范与管理
3.1 出台政策法规
医美麻醉安全问题层出不穷,其中重要原因是法律法规体系滞后和麻醉医疗服务能力不足,因此从二者入手,出台相关政策法规,是全面整顿行业乱象的根本途径。
2021年6月,国家卫生健康委联合七部委发布了《关于印发打击非法医疗美容服务专项整治工作方案的通知》[13],决定在全国范围内开展打击非法医美服务专项整治工作。工作要求:严厉打击非法开展医美相关活动的行为;严格规范医美服务行为;严厉打击非法制售药品医疗器械行为;严肃查处违法广告和互联网信息等。这为进一步提高医美机构的依法执业意识、强化医疗服务质量和安全管理、防范医疗纠纷和安全风险提供了法律依据。而《医疗整形美容麻醉安全规范》[14]这一团体标准在全国范围内的推广和实施,也有助于从源头上规范行业行为。
2018年12月,国家卫生健康委联合七部委发布了《关于印发加强和完善麻醉医疗服务意见的通知》[15]。2019年12月,国家卫生健康委又发布了《关于印发麻醉科医疗服务能力建设指南(试行)的通知》[16]。2020年8月,中华医学会麻醉学分会联合国内9个麻醉学术团体发布了《完善麻醉学科内涵提升医疗服务能力——关于加速推进“全面加强麻醉医疗服务能力建设”联合倡议书》[17]。在中华医学会麻醉学分会的牵头和带领下,各级学术团体充分发挥行业协会的作用,抓好“下沉式”管理,持续宣传和落实文件精神,以此为契机,有效推动了麻醉学科的医疗服务能力。
3.2 提升服务理念
从整体来看,我国医美市场的发展仍处于上升阶段。尽管消费人群以健康年轻女性为主,但人口老龄化逐渐催生出大量希望通过医美实现面部年轻化的新兴人群。在此背景下,身体状况欠佳、麻醉风险高但对美有较高追求的群体也将成为医美的服务对象。同时,随着人们生活品质的逐渐提高,麻醉理念正由传统所倡导的“镇痛完善、意识消失、肌肉松弛和神经反射迟钝”基本要求逐渐向“舒适化”和“快速康复”转变。依托可视化技术的普及、新型短效镇静镇痛药物的研发、新型气道设备的问世、智能化监测设备的应用,医美麻醉操作与流程不断优化,求美者的就医体验和满意度亦可实现不断改善。此外,医美电商的崛起让行业变得更加透明,借助医美App平台可提供麻醉咨询和宣教,实现了麻醉服务的前移和拓展。
3.3 成立行业协会
中国整形美容协会是目前国内整形美容行业领域一级协会。鉴于医美麻醉领域存在的问题,2019年7月,由国内整形外科领域、麻醉学领域有影响力的20余位专家发起,在中国整形美容协会下成立了麻醉与镇静镇痛分会。分会委员覆盖全国各省市自治区公立医院130家、非公立医美机构53家,黄宇光教授担任名誉会长。学会的成立承载了该领域健康发展的重任,受到国家卫生健康委的工作委托,启动我国整形美容麻醉行业现状调研、制订整形美容麻醉行业操作标准、提升从业人员的职业素养、提供优质的交流平台,推动中国医美麻醉行业的健康发展。
3.4 制订行业规范
根据我国医美行业的近况和遇到的主要矛盾,在中华医学会麻醉学分会主任委员、国家卫生健康委麻醉专业质控中心主任黄宇光教授和中华医学会整形外科分会候任主任委员、国家卫生健康委整形美容质控中心主任王晓军教授的指导下,分会组织国内专家学者制定了中国《医疗整形美容麻醉安全规范》,从医美机构可施行的麻醉范围、人员要求、麻醉设备要求、麻醉药品管理、术前准备、术中监测、术后管理、常见危象的急救等几方面,对不同级别的医美机构作出了精确而详尽的规定,旨在制约和降低医疗行为的随意性。2021年10月23日,《医疗整形美容麻醉安全规范》[14]团体标准正式发布,将作为医美麻醉安全的指导性手册应用于临床。
3.5 加强从业者培训
可以预见,医美麻醉从业者紧缺问题短期内无法解决,公立医院和非公立医美机构的差距依然存在,将成为限制行业发展的关键因素。公立医院麻醉科在业务能力、学科管理和人才培养方面具有优势,但综合性医院麻醉科对医美服务理念和医美市场动态的把握不如非公立医美机构。而具有高效管理模式、配备精良设备和人才、可提供舒适/私密医美麻醉服务的高端非公立机构毕竟是少数。因此,医美行业协会和各级麻醉学会共同制订针对性的医美麻醉培训课程迫在眉睫。而对于气道管理、循环管理等关键内容,可以尝试借助学会搭建的平台,设置定点培训机构或以三甲医院就近支持周边非公立医美机构等多种形式开展交流活动。
4. 小结与展望
医美在中国有很大的发展空间,随着医美麻醉国家政策法规的出台、服务理念的提升、行业行为的逐步规范以及从业者培训力度的加强,中国将很快成为全球医美行业的下一个焦点。回归医疗一直是行业诉求,实现医美麻醉的健康可持续发展,还有很长的路要走。
作者贡献:黄宇光、李单青牵头制订共识框架、终稿审核;刘子嘉负责组建专家共识工作组、查阅文献、撰写共识初稿;张路负责查阅文献、撰写共识初稿;刘洪生负责查阅文献、起草共识框架、修订共识初稿;其他成员参与讨论、投票,并负责对共识内容进行审校、补充和修订。利益冲突:共识制订工作组所有参与人员均声明不存在利益冲突共识编写组专家 (按姓氏首字母排序)仓静(复旦大学附属中山医院麻醉科),陈伟(北京协和医院临床营养科),陈丽霞(北京协和医院康复医学科),黄宇光(北京协和医院麻醉科),李单青(北京协和医院胸外科),刘洪生(北京协和医院胸外科),闵苏(重庆医科大学附属第一医院麻醉科),王天龙(首都医科大学宣武医院麻醉手术科)参与共识投票专家 (按姓氏首字母排序)仓静(复旦大学附属中山医院麻醉科),曹学照(中国医科大学附属第一医院麻醉科),曾景阳(福建医科大学附属泉州第一医院麻醉科),陈刚(新疆自治区人民医院麻醉科),陈国忠(同济大学附属上海市第四人民医院麻醉科),陈丽霞(北京协和医院康复医学科),陈鹏(吉林大学中日联谊医院麻醉科),陈伟(北京协和医院临床营养科),陈向东(华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院麻醉科),储勤军(郑州大学附属郑州中心医院麻醉科),高金贵(河北医科大学第二医院麻醉科),郭曲练(中南大学湘雅医院麻醉科),黄文起(中山大学附属第一医院麻醉科),黄宇光(北京协和医院麻醉科),康军仁(北京协和医院临床营养科),李天佐(首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院麻醉科),李单青(北京协和医院胸外科),梁鹏(四川大学华西医院麻醉科),廖琴(中南大学湘雅三医院麻醉科),刘洪生(北京协和医院胸外科),刘子嘉(北京协和医院麻醉科),栾国会(重庆市綦江区人民医院麻醉科),罗放(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院麻醉科),律峰(重庆医科大学附属第一医院麻醉科),马艳辉(首都医科大学宣武医院麻醉手术科),马正良(南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院麻醉科),孟馥芬(新疆医科大学第三附属医院麻醉科),孟海兵(勤联保障部队第九〇八医院麻醉科),米卫东(解放军总医院第一医学中心麻醉科),闵苏(重庆医科大学附属第一医院麻醉科),聂煌(空军军医大学第一附属医院(西京医院)麻醉科),彭勉(武汉大学中南医院麻醉科),屈伸(宁夏医科大学总医院麻醉科),申乐(北京协和医院麻醉科),王东信(北京大学第一医院麻醉科),王浩(复旦大学附属中山医院麻醉科),王国年(哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院麻醉科),王利利(山西医科大学第二医院麻醉科),王天龙(首都医科大学宣武医院麻醉手术科),王晓宁(首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院麻醉科),吴浩(南京鼓楼医院麻醉科),徐军美(中南大学湘雅二医院麻醉科),徐亚军(复旦大学附属肿瘤医院麻醉科),薛张纲(复旦大学附属中山医院麻醉科),杨美蓉(上海市第一人民医院麻醉科),叶伟光(首都医科大学宣武医院麻醉手术科),于博(北京协和医院康复医学科),张铁铮(北部战区总医院麻醉科),张路(北京协和医院康复医学科),郑观荣(胜利油田中心医院麻醉科),周军(河南省人民医院麻醉科)执笔人: 刘子嘉,张路 -
表 1 胸外科手术患者术前肺功能风险评估分级
风险分层 ppo FEV1/ppo DLCO 建议 低风险 ppo FEV1和ppo DLCO均≥60%预测值 可行手术 中风险 ppo FEV1或ppo DLCO<60%预测值,但均≥30%预测值 行简易运动试验(6 min步行试验、爬楼试验等) 高风险 ppo FEV1或ppo DLCO<30%预测值 行心肺运动试验 ppo FEV1:术后预计第一秒用力呼气容积;ppo DLCO:术后预计肺一氧化碳弥散量 表 2 常见体力活动对应的MET值[28]
活动类别 轻度活动(<3 MET) 中度活动(3~6 MET) 剧烈活动(>6 MET) 步行 办公室/家中缓慢步行=2.0 步行4~5 km/h=3.3 慢跑5 km/h =7.0 慢跑 步行6.5 km/h=5.0 慢跑8 km/h =8.0 跑步 跑步9.5 km/h =10.0 家务 伏案工作=1.5 吸尘/擦地=3.0~3.5 搬重物=7.5 工作 吃饭/穿衣=2.0~2.5 耕种/整理干草=8.0 娱乐 绘画/手工/打牌=1.5 打羽毛球-休闲=4.5 篮球比赛=8.0 体育 台球=2.5 篮球-投篮=4.5 骑自行车20 km/h=8.0 钓鱼(坐)=2.5 骑自行车18 km/h=6.0 足球-休闲=7.0,比赛=10.0 跳舞=3.0~4.5 游泳(快速)=8.0~11.0 游泳(慢速)=6.0 网球单打=8.0 乒乓球=4.0 排球比赛=8.0 MET:代谢当量 表 3 食管癌手术患者术前营养危险分层与临床对策[11]
风险分层 临床表现 治疗对策 低危风险 可以正常进食/体质量减少不明显 给予饮食建议 中危风险 厌食/吞咽困难和/或非自主体质量减少5%~9% 给予蛋白质和能量补充剂 高危风险 严重的吞咽困难——仅可摄入流食
体质量减少>10%和/或BMI<
18 kg/m2给予管饲肠内营养 BMI:体质量指数 表 4 改良的Borg评分指标[63]
Borg评分 自我感知的用力程度 6~8 非常轻 9~10 很轻 11~12 轻 13~14 有点用力 15~16 用力 17~18 很用力 19~20 非常用力 -
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