50例Gitelman综合征患者临床特征和药物治疗分析

赵喆, 唐彦, 周婧雅, 陈晓光, 张磊, 陈丽萌, 袁涛

赵喆, 唐彦, 周婧雅, 陈晓光, 张磊, 陈丽萌, 袁涛. 50例Gitelman综合征患者临床特征和药物治疗分析[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(2): 277-286. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0180
引用本文: 赵喆, 唐彦, 周婧雅, 陈晓光, 张磊, 陈丽萌, 袁涛. 50例Gitelman综合征患者临床特征和药物治疗分析[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2022, 13(2): 277-286. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0180
ZHAO Zhe, TANG Yan, ZHOU Jingya, CHEN Xiaoguang, ZHANG Lei, CHEN Limeng, YUAN Tao. Analysis of Clinical Manifestations and Drug Therapies of Gitelman Syndrome[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2022, 13(2): 277-286. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0180
Citation: ZHAO Zhe, TANG Yan, ZHOU Jingya, CHEN Xiaoguang, ZHANG Lei, CHEN Limeng, YUAN Tao. Analysis of Clinical Manifestations and Drug Therapies of Gitelman Syndrome[J]. Medical Journal of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2022, 13(2): 277-286. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0180

50例Gitelman综合征患者临床特征和药物治疗分析

基金项目: 

中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程 2016-I2M-4-001

中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金 2017PT32020

中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金 2018PT32001

详细信息
    通讯作者:

    袁涛,E-mail:t75y@sina.com

  • 中图分类号: R596.1

Analysis of Clinical Manifestations and Drug Therapies of Gitelman Syndrome

Funds: 

CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences 2016-I2M-4-001

the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2017PT32020

the Non-Profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences 2018PT32001

More Information
  • 摘要:
      目的  总结Gitelman综合征(Gitelman syndrome, GS)患者的临床特征及药物治疗情况,以提高临床诊疗水平。
      方法  回顾性分析2007年1月至2019年12月北京协和医院临床诊断为GS且住院治疗患者的临床资料。对其临床表现、实验室检查、肾穿刺活检病理特征以及药物治疗情况进行归纳,并根据是否使用螺内酯,分为单纯补钾组和联合螺内酯组,比较两组的治疗效果。
      结果  共纳入50例GS患者,其中男性30例,女性20例;平均年龄(30.78±13.99)岁。最常见的临床表现为乏力(54.0%,27/50),其他临床表现包括四肢无力(40.0%,20/50)、肢体麻木(26.0%,13/50)、软瘫(26.0%,13/50)、心悸(16.0%,8/50)、夜尿增多(14.0%,7/50)。入院时血钾(2.55±0.45)mmol/L,血镁(0.64± 0.20)mmol/L,24 h尿钾(92.25±41.33)mmol,24 h尿镁(3.75±2.14)mmol,24 h尿钙0.68(0.38, 1.32)mmol;血气分析结果显示, 29例(58.0%)发生代谢性碱中毒;31例接受卧立位醛固酮试验的患者中,21例(67.7%)存在肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活。7例(14.0%,7/50)患者行肾穿刺活检术,其中1例肾小球系膜增生,5例肾小球旁器明显增生,另1例未见明显肾小球旁器增生。50例患者均接受口服补钾治疗,平均补钾量为(1.62±1.25)mmol/(kg·d)。其中,46例(92.0%,46/50)口服氯化钾缓释片(1.5~12 g/d);19例(38.0%,19/50)口服20%枸橼酸钾口服溶液(40~200 mL/d,分2~4次服用);37例(74.0%,37/50)接受门冬氨酸钾镁片治疗(2~15片/d);32例(64.0%,32/50)使用螺内酯片(20~240 mg/d);2例(4.0%,2/50)使用钙镁片(3片/d)。联合螺内酯组治疗后血钾升高水平显著高于单纯补钾组[(1.07±0.61)mmol/L比(0.73±0.59)mmol/L,P<0.05]。50例患者出院时平均血钾为(3.49±0.44)mmol/L,血镁为(0.67±0.16)mmol/L。
      结论  GS多见于青少年或成年人,但儿童亦可发病。最常见的症状是乏力,实验室检查可见低血钾、低血镁、低尿钙、代谢性碱中毒及肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统激活等表现。该病治疗主要为对症治疗,联合螺内酯可提高补钾效果,总体预后较好。
    Abstract:
      Objective  To analyze the clinical characteristics and medical treatment of patients with Gitelman syndrome(GS) for further improvement.
      Methods  A retrospective study was conducted on patients with GS hospitalized in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January, 2008 to December, 2019. Their clinical manifestations, laboratory examinations, pathological features, and drug treatments were summarized. In addition, according to whether spironolactone is used or not, these patients were divided into a simple potassium supplementation group and a spironolactone-combined group. The effect of treatment between the two groups were compared.
      Results  The male to female ratio of 50 patients was 1.5∶1(male: 30, female: 20), and the age at first diagnosis was (30.78±13.99) years old. Among the 50 patients, the most common clinical manifestation was fatigue (54.0%, 27/50), and other clinical manifestations included limb weakness (40.0%, 20/50), limb numbness (26.0%, 13/50), flaccid paralysis (26.0%, 13/50), palpitation (16.0%, 8/50), and nocturia (14.0%, 7/50). At admission, they had serum potassium (2.55±0.45)mmol/L, serum magnesium (0.64± 0.20)mmol/L, 24 h urine potassium (92.25±41.33)mmol, 24 h urine magnesium (3.75±2.14)mmol, and 24 h urine calcium 0.68(0.38, 1.32)mmol. The blood gas analysis Results suggested that most patients had metabolic alkalosis. Seven patients (14.0%, 7/50) underwent renal biopsy, showing 1 case of glomerular mesangial hyperplasia, 5 cases of obvious hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular apparatus, and 1 case of no obvious hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular apparatus. All the 50 patients received oral potassium supplementation of (1.62±1.25)mmol/(kg·d). 46 patients (92.0%, 46/50) were treated with potassium chloride sustained-release tablets (1.5-12 g/d) for potassium supplementation, while 19 patients (38.0%, 19/50) received regimens containing oral solution of 20% potassium citrate (40-200 mL/d, 2-4 times/d). In addition, potassium magnesium aspartate (2-15 tablets/d) was used in 37 patients (74.0%, 37/50), and spironolactone (20-240 mg/d) in 32 patients (64.0%, 32/50). For 2 patients (4.0%, 2/50), calcium and magnesium tablets (3 tablets/d) were applied. To be noted, the increase of serum potassium after treatment in the spironolactone-combined group was significantly higher than that in the simple potassium supplement group [(1.07±0.61)mmol/L vs. (0.73±0.59)mmol/L, P < 0.05]. At discharge, the serum potassium was (3.49±0.44)mmol/L, and the serum magnesium was (0.67±0.16)mmol/L in 50 patients.
      Conclusions  GS occurs more often in adolescents and adults, but is also witnessed in children. It is characterized most commonly by fatigue, and accompanied by other clinical manifestations like hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, metabolic alkalosis, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. Symptomatic treatment is its main therapy, and the combination of spironolactone can improve the effect of potassium supplementation. Patients with GS have favorable prognosis.
  • 医学名词应使用全国科学技术名词审定委员会公布的名词。中医基础理论术语、中医临床诊疗术语、腧穴名称与部位、耳穴名称与定位均遵照相应的国家标准执行。没有通用译名的名词术语于文内第1次出现时应注明原词。中西药名以中国药典委员会编写的最新版本《中华人民共和国药典》和《中国药品通用名称》为准。确需使用商品名时应先注明其通用名称。冠以外国人名的体征、病名、试验、综合征等,人名可以用中译文,但人名后不加“氏”(单字名除外,例如福氏杆菌);也可以用外文,但人名后不加“s”。例如:Babinski征,可以写成巴宾斯基征,不写成Babinski's征,也不写成巴宾斯基氏征。已被公知公认的缩略语可以不加注释直接使用。例如:DNA、RNA、PCR等。不常用的、尚未被公知公认的缩略语,以及原词过长在文中多次出现者,若为中文可于文中第1次出现时写出全称,在圆括号内写出缩略语;若为外文可于文中第1次出现时写出中文全称,在圆括号内写出外文全称及其缩略语。例如:流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑),阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, OSAS)。中国地名以最新公布的行政区划名称为准;外国地名的译名以新华社公开使用的译名为准。

    作者贡献:赵喆、周婧雅负责数据收集、论文撰写;唐彦、陈晓光、袁涛负责研究设计;张磊、陈丽萌、袁涛负责数据质控和审核;所有作者均参与论文审阅及修订。
    利益冲突:所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
  • 表  1   50例Gitelman综合征患者临床特征(按入院时间排序)

    患者编号 性别 年龄(岁) 病程(年) 起病年龄(岁) 身高(cm) 体质量(kg) BMI (kg/m2) 低钾血症家族史 临床症状 血压(mm Hg) 尿常规 血肌酐(μmol/L) 合并症
    1 13 4 9 169 57 19.95 无力、软瘫 106/70 / 72 /
    2 24 6 18 163 58.5 22.02 麻木、无力、抽搐 120/80 (-) 84 脂肪肝
    3 35 0.08 35 172 76.5 25.86 腹胀、乏力、麻木、抽搐 110/80 尿蛋白可疑阳性 103 /
    4 29 13 16 170 68 23.53 乏力、麻木、憋气、夜尿增多 110/70 (-) 65 结节性甲状腺肿,胆囊息肉,子宫肌瘤
    5 38 10 28 170 85 29.41 无力、软瘫、心悸、胸闷、夜尿增多 120/90 尿比重≥1.030 95 脂肪肝
    6 20 12 8 159 50 19.78 乏力、软瘫、心慌、手抖 90/60 (-) 78 Graves病
    7 22 17 5 155 50 20.81 软瘫、无力、麻木、夜尿增多 100/80 (-) 73 血脂异常
    8# 51 1 50 160 68 26.56 乏力、头晕、腹泻、发热、关节痛 130/80 (-) 75 糖耐量异常,乳腺增生
    9# 24 4 20 175 92 30.04 祖父、父母 乏力、心悸、双手抽搐 110/70 / 83 糖耐量异常,脂肪肝
    10 29 0.05 29 156 51.5 21.16 乏力、夜尿增多 120/80 (-) 106 /
    11 42 3 39 / / / 乏力、心悸、关节痛 100/60 (-) 90 系膜增生性肾小球肾炎
    12 4 1 3 102.3 14.5 13.86 乏力 105/70 (-) 43 /
    13 18 11 7 172 63.5 21.46 姨妈 麻木、无力、四肢僵硬、痉挛 100/60 尿蛋白可疑阳性 / /
    14 35 0.67 35 170 66 22.84 表兄 乏力、心悸 120/80 (-) 87 脂肪肝
    15 34 1 33 163 85 32.00 乏力、麻木、夜尿增多 110/70 尿蛋白可疑阳性 71 代谢综合征,胆结石
    16 59 3 56 156 50 20.55 心悸、乏力、头晕、麻木 110/70 (-) 71 甲状腺功能减低,慢性甲状腺炎
    17 16 8 8 152 54 23.37 母亲、妹妹 双手足发麻、双手痉挛,四肢僵硬,不能行走 100/70 WBC 125/μL / /
    18 16 8 8 156 48 19.72 母亲、姐姐 四肢麻木、乏力,伴心慌、怕热、多汗及手抖 100/70 WBC 70/μL;RBC可疑阳性 54 /
    19 40 10 30 160.5 67.5 26.20 两个女儿 四肢麻木、乏力,夜尿增多 100/70 WBC 15/μL;RBC 8.9/μL 57 亚临床甲状腺功能减低,缺铁性贫血
    20 57 0.17 57 / / / 乏力、关节痛、肌肉痛2个月,发作性软瘫、低血钾1个月 120/80 / / 糖尿病
    21# 38 7 31 170 72.5 25.09 发作性软瘫、四肢肢无力,双下肢为著,伴双侧小腿轻微酸痛 112/70 尿蛋白0.15 g/L 120 缺血性肾病,2型糖尿病
    22 19 1 18 172 52 17.58 四肢无力,难以行走,发作性软瘫 100/62 (-) 66 类马凡体型,左肾上腺切除后,右肾囊肿
    23# 23 10 13 177 64 20.43 发作性四肢无力 106/68 尿蛋白0.15 g/L 73 /
    24 37 14 23 165 52 19.10 全身乏力,伴心悸、汗出 120/66 (-) 44 原发性甲状腺功能亢进
    25 25 6 19 172 62.5 21.13 哥哥 四肢发软无力、发作性软瘫 106/73 尿蛋白0.75 g/L,BLD 150/μL 88 /
    26 14 2 12 172 83 28.06 下肢无力、行走困难 120/77 RBC 36.6/μL 63 /
    27* 40 10 30 168 62 21.97 间断肢体麻木、痉挛,肌肉疼痛 123/95 (-) 60 甲状腺功能亢进,高甘油三酯血症
    28# 39 8 31 157.5 60 24.19 乏力、心悸逐渐加重,伴头晕、头痛、四肢麻木 135/90 WBC 22.3/μL 63 高脂血症,前列腺增生
    29 23 5 18 173 48 16.04 四肢乏力软瘫 95/56 (-) 120 /
    30 44 27 17 177 80 25.54 母亲、侄女 全身乏力、双下肢间断软瘫 130/85 (-) 77 血脂异常,甲状腺右叶结节
    31 46 35 11 173.5 63.5 21.09 肢体无力 100/70 尿比重1.009 92 /
    32 26 0.25 26 165 56 20.57 偶有乏力 107/77 BLD 25/μL,RBC 21.0/μL,BACT 605.4/μL / /
    33 18 0.75 18 178 72 22.72 姐姐 反复手部抽搐、下肢无力 100/70 (-) 55 /
    34 14 4 10 153.5 54 22.92 双下肢肌肉乏力、酸痛伴发作性软瘫 105/70 尿蛋白可疑阳性 53 高胰岛素血症,双眼近视,双眼弱视
    35 51 20 31 168 77 27.28 下肢乏力 140/74 / 60 高血压,脂肪肝,子宫肌瘤
    36 30 0.08 30 168 64.5 22.85 夜尿增多 120/90 尿蛋白可疑阳性 57 糖耐量异常,肝功能异常,高尿酸血症
    37 17 0.5 17 164 39 14.50 肌肉疼痛、软瘫 121/32 (-) 59 /
    38 20 5 15 166 73 26.49 父亲 四肢软瘫 120/64 (-) 84 /
    39 19 2 17 160 62.5 24.41 双下肢无力 112/63 尿蛋白可疑阳性,RBC 4.0/μL 53 甲状腺功能亢进
    40 34 16 18 163 56 21.07 肢体乏力 134/80 (-) 65 脂肪肝,维生素D缺乏
    41 42 36 6 168 65.5 23.21 四肢麻木、乏力 134/80 (-) 83 高脂血症,颈椎骨质增生
    42 27 7 20 174 72 23.78 四肢抽搐、全身乏力 118/65 (-) 73 高尿酸血症
    43 14 10 4 172 56 18.92 父亲 口渴、多尿 106/64 (-) 58 双肾弥漫性病变,甲状腺囊性结节
    44 52 2 50 157 41 16.63 不详 肢体无力、双手抽搐 118/79 (-) 56 /
    45 21 18 3 174 61 20.15 手足抽搐、四肢乏力 129/60 (-) 82 慢性咽炎,鼻炎
    46 43 16 27 165 52 19.10 不详 手足抽搐 112/78 RBC 26.1/μL 47 糖耐量异常
    47 31 1 30 150 33 14.67 手足抽搐、麻木 / / 49 糖耐量异常
    48 65 2 63 171 69 23.60 下肢乏力 153/80 尿蛋白可疑阳性 76 高血压,高尿酸血症
    49 48 3 45 157 55 22.31 上肢疼痛 111/71 (-) 43 /
    50 13 1 12 146 35 16.42 乏力、心悸 114/64 (-) 37 /
    #病理显示肾小球旁器增生;病理显示肾小球系膜增生;*病理结果未见肾小球旁器增生;BMI:体质量指数;BACT:细菌数;BLD:尿潜血;RBC:红细胞;WBC:白细胞;/:数据无法获得
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   50例Gitelman综合征患者实验室检查结果

    指标 检测结果 参考范围
    血钾(x±s,mmol/L) 2.55±0.45 3.5~5.5
    血镁(x±s,mmol/L) 0.64±0.20 0.70~1.10
    24 h尿钾(x±s,mmol) 92.25±41.33 -
    24 h尿镁(x±s,mmol) 3.75±2.14 -
    24 h尿钙[M(P25, P75),mmol] 0.68(0.38, 1.32) 2.5~7.5
    pH[M(P25, P75)] 7.46(7.45, 7.48) 7.35~7.45
    碱剩余[M(P25, P75),mmol/L] 4.75(3.33, 6.15) -3~3
    HCO3-[M(P25, P75),mmol/L] 28.70(26.78, 29.93) 22~28
    -: 无具体参考值范围
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   Gitelman综合征患者初诊卧立位醛固酮试验结果[M(P25, P75),n=31]

    指标 卧位 立位
    检测结果 参考范围 检测结果 参考范围
    肾素[ng/(mL·h)] 1.60(0.55, 4.50) 0.05~0.79 4.60(1.60, 12.00) 1.95~3.99
    血管紧张素Ⅱ(ng/L) 133.71(83.04, 199.54) 28.2~52.2 250.30(134.89, 391.76) 55.3~115.3
    醛固酮(ng/L) 152.0(112.7, 189.4) 48.5~123.5 193.1(134.1, 260.7) 62.7~239.9
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   50例Gitelman综合征患者治疗前后血镁、血钾变化情况

    患者编号 治疗前 平均补钾量[mmol/(kg·d)] 治疗后
    血钾(mmol/L) 血镁(mmol/L) 血钾(mmol/L) 血镁(mmol/L)
    1 1.80 0.61 0.76 3.40 0.69
    2 2.37 0.48 0.69 3.40 0.61
    3 2.60 0.58 2.12 3.10 /
    4 2.66 0.52 0.38 3.10 /
    5 2.40 0.33 1.73 3.60~3.90 0.67
    6 1.80 0.56 3.34 3.40 0.67
    7 1.70 0.60 6.04 3.80~4.50 0.67
    8 2.48 0.46 1.31 3.41~3.60 0.48~0.60
    9 2.50 0.56 0.32 3.30~3.40 0.54
    10 1.93 0.52 1.67 3.00~3.20 /
    11 2.60 0.53 / 3.20 0.87
    12 2.42 0.62 0.13 3.60 0.66
    13 1.70 0.59 1.96 3.30 0.64
    14 2.70 0.54 1.93 3.10~3.20 /
    15 2.30 0.41 1.04 3.20 0.32
    16 2.62 0.46 2.49 3.60~4.30 /
    17 3.40 0.57 0.90 3.50 0.58
    18 2.80 0.61 1.43 3.40 0.62
    19 2.90 0.40 1.02 2.90 0.39
    20 2.60 0.40 / 3.10 0.40
    21 2.10 / 1.38 3.30 /
    22 2.50 0.57 0.27 3.50 0.66
    23 2.90 0.76 0.67 3.40 /
    24 2.86 0.88 1.59 3.40 0.95
    25 1.60 1.05 0.97 3.00 1.07
    26 3.10 0.71 1.00 3.60 0.72
    27 2.60 0.44 0.65 3.30 0.40
    28 2.00 0.61 1.15 4.20 0.73
    29 2.80 0.88 1.79 3.20 0.90
    30 3.30 0.81 0.76 2.70 0.84
    31 2.60 0.66 1.64 3.40~3.60 /
    32 2.70 0.58 1.18 3.60 0.58
    33 2.90 0.55 1.12 3.10 0.58
    34 2.50 0.75 3.24 3.90 0.80
    35 2.80 0.52 0.46 3.80 0.59
    36 2.80 0.98 1.87 3.10 0.87
    37 3.00 0.60 4.81 3.40 0.66
    38 2.10 0.70 2.66 4.00 0.74
    39 2.90 / 1.62 3.40 0.75
    40 2.50 0.64 4.14 3.90 /
    41 2.00 1.40 0.91 2.90 0.61
    42 2.90 0.51 0.96 3.20 0.51
    43 1.90 0.76 0.87 3.60 0.69
    44 3.40 0.61 1.25 5.20 0.95
    45 2.40 0.62 1.94 3.30 /
    46 2.70 0.56 0.83 3.70 0.56
    47 2.30 0.94 2.44 3.30 /
    48 2.70 / 0.88 3.80 0.63
    49 3.00 0.97 0.98 3.40 /
    50 3.30 0.89 4.63 4.10 /
    /:同表 1
    下载: 导出CSV
  • [1]

    Gitelman HJ, Graham JB, Welt LG. A new familial disorder characterized by hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia[J]. Trans Assoc Am Physicians, 1966, 79: 221-235.

    [2]

    Fujimura J, Nozu K, Yamamura T, et al. Clinical and Genetic Characteristics in Patients With Gitelman Syndrome[J]. Kidney Int Rep, 2019, 4: 119-125. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.09.015

    [3]

    Chinen T, Saeki E, Mori T, et al. A case of Gitelman syndrome: our experience with a patient treated in clinical practice on a local island[J]. J Rural Med, 2019, 14: 258-262. DOI: 10.2185/jrm.3014

    [4]

    Kavak Sinanoǧlu G, Aydn M. A Case of Gitelman Syndrome Diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa in a Psychiatry Clinic[J]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg, 2020, 31: 69-73.

    [5]

    Uzunlulu M, Dumanoglu B. Gitelman Syndrome Presenting with Hypomagnesemia, Hypokalemia and Hypocalciuria: A Case Report[J]. Medeni Med J, 2019, 34: 314-317.

    [6] 何俊俊, 陈月平, 赵咏莉, 等. Gitelman综合征1例报道并文献复习[J]. 皖南医学院学报, 2020, 39: 610-612. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0217.2020.06.029

    He JJ, Chen YP, Zhao YL, et al. Gitelman syndrome: Report of 1 case with literature review[J]. Wannan Yixueyuan Xuebao, 2020, 39: 610-612. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0217.2020.06.029

    [7] 马骞, 武锦琳, 车凌仪, 等. 一例Gitelman综合征家系的基因变异分析[J]. 中华医学遗传学杂志, 2020, 37: 1368-1370. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511374-20200520-00361

    Ma Q, Wu JL, Che LY, et al. Identification of pathological variants of SLC12A3 gene in a pedigree affected with Gitelman syndrome[J]. Zhonghua Yixue Yichuanxue Zazhi, 2020, 37: 1368-1370. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn511374-20200520-00361

    [8] 郑晓玲, 唐莹, 鲁一兵, 等. Gitelman综合征1例及文献复习[J]. 临床检验杂志, 2019, 37: 714-716. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LCJY201909020.htm

    Zheng XL, Tang Y, Lu YB, et al. A case of Gitelman syndrome and literature review[J]. Linchuang Jianyan Zazhi, 2019, 37: 714-716. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LCJY201909020.htm

    [9] 中国研究型医院学会罕见病分会, 中国罕见病联盟, 北京罕见病诊疗与保障学会, 等. Gitelman综合征诊疗中国专家共识(2021版)[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2021, 12: 902-912. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0555

    Rare Diseases Society of Chinese Research Hospital Association, National Rare Diseases Committee, Beijing Rare Disease Diagnosis, Treatment and Protection Society, et al. Expert Consensus for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gitelman Syndrome in China (2021)[J]. Xiehe Yixue Zazhi, 2021, 12: 902-912. DOI: 10.12290/xhyxzz.2021-0555

    [10]

    Seyberth HW, Weber S, Kömhoff M. Bartter's and Gitelman's syndrome[J]. Curr Opin Pediatr, 2017, 29: 179-186. DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000447

    [11]

    Fulchiero R, Seo-Mayer P. Bartter Syndrome and Gitelman Syndrome[J]. Pediatr Clin North Am, 2019, 66: 121-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2018.08.010

    [12] 唐黎之, 童南伟. 成人Gitelman综合征的诊治[J]. 华西医学, 2018, 33: 605-610. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HXYX201805021.htm

    Tang LZ, Tong NW. The diagnosis and treatment of Gitelman syndrome in adults[J]. Huaxi Yixue, 2018, 33: 605-610. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HXYX201805021.htm

    [13]

    Nozu K, Nozu Y, Nakanishi K, et al. Cryptic exon activation in SLC12A3 in Gitelman syndrome[J]. J Hum Genet, 2017, 62: 335-337. DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.129

    [14]

    Jiang L, Chen C, Yuan T, et al. Clinical severity of Gitelman syndrome determined by serum magnesium[J]. Am J Nephrol, 2014, 39: 357-366. DOI: 10.1159/000360773

    [15]

    Yuan T, Jiang L, Chen C, et al. Glucose tolerance and insulin responsiveness in Gitelman syndrome patients[J]. Endocr Connect, 2017, 6: 243-252. DOI: 10.1530/EC-17-0014

    [16] 彭晓艳, 蒋兰萍, 袁涛, 等. 氯离子清除试验在Gitelman综合征鉴别诊断中的应用[J]. 中国医学科学院学报, 2016, 38: 275-282. DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2016.03.006

    Peng XY, Jiang LP, Yuan T, et al. Value of Chloride Clearance Test in Differential Diagnosis of Gitelman Syndrome[J]. Zhongguo Yixue Kexueyuan Xuebao, 2016, 38: 275-282. DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2016.03.006

    [17] 马骏, 任红, 谢静远, 等. Gitelman综合征47例临床特征分析[J]. 中国实用内科杂志, 2014: 273-276, 280. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYNK201403018.htm

    Ma J, Ren H, Xie JY, et al. Clnical analysis of 47 cases of Gitelman syndrome[J]. Zhongguo Shiyong Neike Zazhi, 2014: 273-276, 280. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SYNK201403018.htm

    [18]

    Tammaro F, Bettinelli A, Cattarelli D, et al. Early appearance of hypokalemia in Gitelman syndrome[J]. Pediatr Nephrol, 2010, 25: 2179-2182. DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1575-1

    [19]

    Urwin S, Willows J, Sayer JA. The challenges of diagnosis and management of Gitelman syndrome[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2020, 92: 3-10. DOI: 10.1111/cen.14104

    [20]

    Nakhoul F, Nakhoul N, Dorman E, et al. Gitelman's syndrome: a pathophysiological and clinical update[J]. Endocrine, 2012, 41: 53-57. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9556-0

    [21]

    Blanchard A, Bockenhauer D, Bolignano D, et al. Gitelman syndrome: consensus and guidance from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference[J]. Kidney Int, 2017, 91: 24-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.046

    [22]

    Colussi G, Catena C, Sechi LA. Spironolactone, eplerenone and the new aldosterone blockers in endocrine and primary hypertension[J]. J Hypertens, 2013, 31: 3-15. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283599b6a

    [23]

    Blanchard A, Vargas-Poussou R, Vallet M, et al. Indomethacin, amiloride, or eplerenone for treating hypokalemia in Gitelman syndrome[J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2015, 26: 468-475. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2014030293

    [24] 崔云英, 李明, 王芬, 等. 氨苯蝶啶或吲哚美辛在Gitelman综合征患者中的疗效分析[J]. 基础医学与临床, 2019, 39: 1603-1606. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6325.2019.11.017

    Cui YY, Li M, Wang F, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of triamterene or indomethacin in patients with Gitelman syndrome[J]. Jichu Yixue Yu Linchuang, 2019, 39: 1603-1606. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-6325.2019.11.017

    [25]

    Hené RJ, Koomans HA, Dorhout Mees EJ, et al. Correction of hypokalemia in Bartter's syndrome by enalapril[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 1987, 9: 200-205. DOI: 10.1016/S0272-6386(87)80055-0

    [26]

    Morales JM, Ruilope LM, Praga M, et al. Long-term enalapril therapy in Bartter's syndrome[J]. Nephron, 1988, 48: 327. DOI: 10.1159/000184954

    [27]

    Pucci M, Sarween N, Knox E, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in women of childbearing age: risks versus benefits[J]. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 2015, 8: 221-231. DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1005074

    [28]

    Lainscak M, Pelliccia F, Rosano G, et al. Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2015, 200: 25-29. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.127

    [29]

    Deepinder F, Braunstein GD. Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review[J]. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2012, 11: 779-795. DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2012.712109

    [30]

    Cho YJ, Park GT, Cho YJ, et al. Renal potassium wasting and hypocalciuria ameliorated with magnesium repletion in Gitelman's syndrome[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 1997, 12: 157-159. DOI: 10.3346/jkms.1997.12.2.157

    [31]

    Robinson CM, Karet Frankl FE. Magnesium lactate in the treatment of Gitelman syndrome: patient-reported outcomes[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2017, 32: 508-512.

    [32]

    Rodríguez-Soriano J. Bartter and related syndromes: the puzzle is almost solved[J]. Pediatr Nephrol, 1998, 12: 315-327. DOI: 10.1007/s004670050461

    [33]

    Gröber U. Magnesium and Drugs[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2019, 20: 2094. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092094

表(4)
计量
  • 文章访问数:  1664
  • HTML全文浏览量:  205
  • PDF下载量:  88
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2021-02-06
  • 录用日期:  2021-03-28
  • 刊出日期:  2022-03-29

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回
    x 关闭 永久关闭