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Occupational Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Continuation after Maternity Leave Among Female Anesthesia Residents in China
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摘要:
目的 分析我国麻醉住院医师产假后母乳喂养的职业相关影响因素。 方法 本研究基于一项由中华医学会麻醉学分会发起的"女性麻醉医师母乳喂养及工作/家庭平衡状况"全国性调研, 纳入全国2015年1月1日后生育过的女性麻醉专业住院医师。通过匿名在线填写问卷的方式收集麻醉住院医师基本信息、母乳喂养时长和哺乳期工作情况。以赤池信息标准最小原则筛选纳入变量, 将事件定义为"终止母乳喂养", 将可能影响母乳喂养的职业相关因素作为解释变量, 将可能影响母乳喂养的个人影响因素亦作为解释变量纳入模型, 以调整其潜在的混杂效应, 采用Schoenfeld残差图评估各解释变量是否满足等比例风险假设, 对于不满足者, 则在模型中加入该变量的时间依存协变量, 采用分步Cox回归分析影响母乳喂养持续时间的职业因素。 结果 本研究共纳入436名麻醉住院医师, 所在地区包括除宁夏回族自治区和黑龙江省以外的29个省份; 372名(85.3%, 372/436)已终止母乳喂养, 其中268名(72.0%, 268/372)由于工作原因提前结束母乳喂养; 419名(96.1%, 419/436)工作后母乳显著减少, 133名(30.5%, 133/436)在工作中无机会吸奶; 中位母乳喂养时长为10(8, 12)个月; 住院医师年资越高, 母乳喂养终止时间越早(HR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.03~1.15, P=0.004);产假时间长(HR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78~0.93, P < 0.001)、三级医院(HR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.43~0.73, P < 0.001)、工作中吸奶机会多(HR=0.02, 95% CI: 0~0.08, P < 0.001)和哺乳期工作量减少(HR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.26~0.86, P=0.014)可能与母乳喂养时间延长相关。 结论 应适当延长我国麻醉住院医师产假、调整轮转计划、提供专用哺乳室、保障工作中的吸奶时间等, 以保证麻醉住院医师的母婴健康。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the current status and occupational factors associated with breastfeeding continuation after maternity leave among female anesthesia residents in China. Methods Our study was based on a nationwide survey "Breastfeeding and Work/Family Balance Among Female Anesthesiologists" conducted by Chinese Society of Anesthesiology, which was targeted to female anesthesia residents giving birthsince January 1, 2015.An anonymous online questionnaire was developed to collect basic information, breastfeeding practices and workload.The inclusion variables were screened using the akaike information criterion (AIC), with the event defined as "termination of breastfeeding".Occupational factors that may affect breastfeeding were included as explanatory variables and non-occupational related factors that may affect breastfeeding were also included in the model to adjust for potential confounding effects.Schoenfeld were used to assess whether the variables were satisfied for each explanatory variable, and for those that were not, the time-dependent covariate for that variable was added to the model, occupational factors affecting breastfeeding duration were analyzed using stepwise Cox regression. Results A total of 436 anesthesia residents from 29 provinces were included.According to the survey, 372(85.3%, 372/436) terminated breastfeeding, of which 268(72.0%, 268/372) ended breastfeeding early due to work, 419(96.1%, 419/436) significantly reduced breast milk after work, and 133(30.5%, 133/436) had no opportunity to breastfeed at work.Their median breastfeeding duration was 10(8, 12) months.Longer work experience at childbirth was associated with a higher risk of discontinuing breastfeeding (HR=1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.15, P=0.004).The following occupational factors were associated with a longer breastfeeding duration: prolonged maternity leave (HR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.93, P < 0.001), tertiary hospital (HR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.43-0.73, P < 0.001), more opportunities for breast pumping during worktime (HR=0.02, 95% CI: 0-0.08, P < 0.001) and reduced workload during the breastfeeding period (HR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.26-0.86, P=0.014). Conclusion Hospital administrators can make efforts to offer prolonged maternity leave, modified rotation plan, breastfeeding rooms, and breastfeeding breaks, which are beneficial to both maternal and fetal health. -
Key words:
- breastfeeding /
- anesthesia resident /
- occupational factor /
- maternal and fetal health
作者贡献：徐宵寒负责问卷设计、统计分析及论文撰写；张娇负责问卷修订与发放；虞雪融负责统计分析及论文修改；李旭负责问卷修订、问卷发放及论文修改；黄宇光负责问卷设计与发放。利益冲突：所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突 -
表 1 436名住院医师产假后母乳喂养情况
变量 数值 母乳喂养持续时间[M(P25, P75)，月] 10(8，12) 因工作原因提前终止母乳喂养[n(%)] 是 268(72.0) 否 104(28.0) 回归工作后母乳产量降低[n(%)] 419(96.1) 工作中无吸奶机会[n(%)] 133(30.5) 
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表 2 436名住院医师母乳喂养的职业影响因素分析
变量 数值 生育时年资[M(P25, P75)，年] 2.8(1.6, 4.5) 产假时长[M(P25, P75)，月] 4.8(3.8, 5.7) 生育时处于规范化培训[n(%)] 304(69.7) 三级医院[n(%)] 349(80.0) 教学医院[n(%)] 310(71.1) 医院手术间总数[n(%)] ＜10 151(34.6) 10~＜30 191(43.8) 30~＜50 52(11.9) ≥50 42(9.6) 日均麻醉病例数＜5例[n(%)] 332(76.1) 连续2例手术麻醉间隔时间[n(%)] ＜15 min 254(58.3) 15~＜30 min 132(30.3) ≥30 min 50(11.5) 工作时间吸奶[n(%)] 303(69.5) 同事对母乳喂养的态度[n(%)] 非常支持 73(16.7) 比较支持 171(39.2) 无所谓 161(36.9) 比较不支持 26(6.0) 非常不支持 5(1.1) 哺乳期日均工作时长[n(%)] ≤7 h 93(21.3) ＞7~8 h 134(30.7) ＞8~10 h 158(36.2) ＞10 h 51(11.7) 哺乳期每月夜班频次[n(%)] 0 378(86.7) 1~2 21(4.8) ＞2 37(8.5) 哺乳期工作量与孕前相比[n(%)] 几乎相同 17(3.9) 下降＜25% 224(51.4) 下降25%~50% 156(35.8) 下降＞50% 39(8.9) 哺乳期收入与孕前相比[n(%)] 几乎相同 163(37.4) 下降＜25% 187(42.9) 下降25%~50% 66(15.1) 下降＞50% 20(4.6) 工作中规律就餐和饮水[n(%)] 总是能 21(4.8) 经常能 103(23.6) 有时能 179(41.1) 偶尔能 80(18.3) 总是不能 53(12.2) 从事除临床工作外的其他工作[n(%)] 199(45.6)
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表 3 436名住院医师母乳喂养的个人影响因素分析
变量 数值 生育时年龄(x±s，岁) 30.0±0.2 居住地区[n(%)] 东部 213(48.9) 中部 80(18.3) 西部 143(32.8) 硕士及以上学历[n(%)] 253(58.0) 产次≥2次[n(%)] 120(27.5) 剖宫产[n(%)] 271(62.2) 回归工作时混合喂养[n(%)] 331(75.9) 对母乳喂养重要性的认知[n(%)] 很重要 284(65.1) 比较重要 100(22.9) 一般 47(10.8) 比较不重要 3(0.7) 很不重要 2(0.5) 日均睡眠时间[n(%)] ＜8 h 198(45.4) 8~＜12 h 227(52.1) ≥ 12 h 11(2.5) 日均夜醒次数[n(%)] ＞2 263(60.3) 2 126(28.9) 1 12(2.8) 0 35(8.0) 家庭成员协助育儿[n(%)] 376(86.2)
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表 4 436名住院医师母乳喂养的影响因素Cox回归分析
变量 不含时间依存协变量的模型 含时间依存协变量的模型* HR 95% CI P值 HR 95% CI P值 生育时年资(年) 1.10 1.03~1.16 0.002 1.09 1.03~1.15 0.004 产假时间(月) 0.84 0.77~0.92 ＜0.001 0.85 0.78~0.93 ＜0.001 三级医院 0.54 0.41~0.71 ＜0.001 0.56 0.43~0.73 ＜0.001 工作时间吸奶机会 0.54 0.43~0.69 ＜0.001 0.02 0~0.08 ＜0.001 哺乳期工作量与孕前相比 几乎相同 1.00 - - 1.00 - - 下降＜25% 0.82 0.65~1.03 0.083 0.86 0.68~1.08 0.195 下降25%~50% 0.79 0.58~1.08 0.134 0.78 0.57~1.07 0.121 下降＞50% 0.46 0.25~0.84 0.011 0.47 0.26~0.86 0.014 顺产 0.79 0.63~0.98 0.031 0.78 0.63~0.97 0.026 居住地区 东部 1.00 - - 1.00 - - 中部 1.29 0.97~1.71 0.082 1.21 0.91~1.61 0.193 西部 1.59 1.26~2.01 ＜0.001 1.52 1.20~1.92 0.001 回归工作时混合喂养 1.59 1.23~2.07 ＜0.001 1.58 1.21~2.05 0.001 对母乳喂养重要性的认知 1.27 1.09~1.48 0.002 1.27 1.09~1.48 0.002 工作时间吸奶时间依存协变量 - - - 4.79 2.41~9.54 ＜0.001 *因工作中吸奶这一变量不满足等比例风险假设，故加入该变量的时间依存协变量
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