Objective  To construct a pathological image diagnostic model of cervical adenocarcinoma in situ(CAIS) based on deep learning algorithm.

  Methods  Pathological tissue sections of CAIS and normal cervical canal and gland sections of chronic cervicitis stored in the Pathology Department of Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively collected. After image collection, they were randomly divided into training set, validation set and test set with a ratio of 4∶3∶3. The data of training set and validation set were used to conduct transfer learning training and parameter debugging for 6 network models, including VGG16, VGG19, Inception V3, Xception, ResNet50 and DenseNet201, and the convolutional neural network binary classification model that could recognize pathological images of CAIS was constructed. The models were combined to build the ensemble learning model. Based on the test set data, the performance of pathological image recognition of single model and ensemble learning model was evaluated. The results were expressed by operation time, accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and area under the curve(AUC) of receiver operating characteristic.

  Results  A total of 104 pathological sections of CAIS and 90 pathological sections of normal cervical duct and gland with chronic cervicitis were selected. A total of 500 pathological images of CAIS and normal cervical duct glands were collected, including 400 images of training set, 300 images of validation set and 300 images of test set, respectively. Among the 6 models, ResNet50 model, with the highest accuracy(87.33%), precision(90.00%), F1 score(86.90%) and AUC(0.87), second highest recall(84.00%) and shorter operation time(2062.04 s), demonstrated the best overall performance; VGG19 model was the second; and Inception V3 and Xception model had the worst performance.Among the 6 kinds of ensemble learning models, ResNet50 and DenseNet201 showed the best overall performance, and their accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and AUC were 89.67%, 84.67%, 94.07%, 89.12% and 0.90, respectively. VGG19 and ResNet50 ensemble model followed.

  Conclusions  It is feasible to construct CAIS pathological image recognition models by deep learning algorithm, among which ResNet50 models has higher overall performance. Ensemble learning can improve the recognition effect on pathological images by single model.