Abstract: Establishing correct clinical thinking is the core and foundation of improving doctors' clinical ability as well as the key and difficult point of medical education. Different from common diseases, clinical thinking about pituitary diseases has its unique characteristics as a rare disease. Taking a case of Hypothalamic and pituitary mass as an example, this paper summarized the characteristics of diagnosis thinking of rare diseases from the aspects of data collection, logical reasoning, evidence-based teaching, multiple disciplinary teams, and basic medical research, to improve the efficiency of physicians and provide experience for the training of clinical thinking about pituitary diseases.