Abstract: Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the most common cause of hypercalcemia, which is due to excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from one or several parathyroid glands. With the tests of serum calcium and PTH being routinely employed, the incidence of PHPT has distinctly increased and PHPT has become a common endocrine disorder. The concept of diagnosis and treatment for PHPT has been developing continuously. Most cases of PHPT are sporadic, while 5%-10% of cases are hereditary. In this literature, we reviewed the advances in diagnosis and surgical treatment of PHPT.