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摘要: 疫苗接种是防止传染病传播最有效的方法, 但其诱导的免疫反应在不同地区个体和人群之间存在显著差异。最新研究表明, 肠道微生物群的组成和功能在疫苗接种后的免疫反应中发挥关键作用。本文旨在阐述肠道微生物群在接种疫苗的不同人群、动物间的差异, 探讨肠道微生物群对疫苗免疫效力的影响及可能机制, 并阐述靶向肠道微生物群改善疫苗有效性的策略。Abstract: Vaccine is the most effective method to prevent the spread of communicable diseases, but the immune response it induces varies significantly among individuals and populations in different regions. Recent studies have shown that the composition and function of the gut microbiota play a key role in the immune response following vaccination. This article aims to explain the differences in gut microbiota among different vaccinated populations and animals, discuss how the gut microbiota affects the immune efficacy of the vaccine, and summarize strategies for targeting the gut microbiota to improve vaccine efficacy.
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Key words:
- gut microbiota /
- vaccine /
- immune efficacy
作者贡献：黄碧青负责研究设计及论文撰写；李兰娟负责研究指导、论文审校。利益冲突：所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突 -
表 1 肠道微生物群构成对疫苗效力的影响
研究来源 动物或国别 接种疫苗 与疫苗效力相关的肠道微生物群构成或研究结果 动物实验 小鼠[4] 卵清蛋白 乳杆菌科/瘤胃球菌科/梭状芽胞杆菌科 小鼠[5] 狂犬病病毒疫苗 与梭菌目和毛螺菌科细菌丰度呈正相关 临床研究 加纳/荷兰[6] 轮状病毒疫苗 加纳和荷兰应答者牛链球菌丰度增加、拟杆菌门丰度减少；加纳无应答者肠道链球菌增加、类杆菌减少 巴基斯坦/荷兰[7] 轮状病毒疫苗 应答者牛链球菌丰度增加/拟杆菌门丰度减少 加纳[8] 轮状病毒疫苗 噬菌体/肠道病毒B/新型共病毒的存在与疫苗效力呈负相关 尼加拉瓜[9] 轮状病毒疫苗 变形杆菌/埃格氏菌丰度与疫苗效力呈正相关，梭杆菌/肠杆菌科丰度与疫苗效力呈负相关 津巴布韦[10] 轮状病毒疫苗 多形拟杆菌与抗轮状病毒IgA滴度相关 孟加拉国[11] 脊髓灰质炎疫苗/卡介苗/破伤风疫苗/乙肝疫苗 长双歧杆菌亚种丰度与疫苗效力呈正相关；梭状芽胞杆菌/肠杆菌/假单胞菌丰度与疫苗效力呈负相关 美国新罕布什尔州[12] 破伤风疫苗 双歧杆菌科丰度与疫苗效力呈负相关，胞苷二磷酸-二酰基甘油生物合成途径相关的物种丰度与疫苗效力呈正相关 荷兰[13] 卡介苗 卡介苗诱导的非特异性免疫应答与罗斯氏菌属丰度呈负相关，特异性免疫应答与瘤胃球菌属/迟缓埃格特菌丰度呈正相关。 中国香港[14] 新型冠状病毒疫苗(科兴/BNT162b2) 双歧杆菌丰度与科兴疫苗效力呈正相关；富含具有鞭毛和菌毛的细菌与BNT162b2疫苗效力呈正相关；普雷沃氏菌和两种巨单胞菌丰度与科兴和BNT162b2疫苗副作用呈负相关 英国[15] 新型冠状病毒疫苗(BNT162b2/ChAdOx1) 与嗜胆菌属丰度呈正相关，与链球菌属丰度呈负相关 韩国[16] 新型冠状病毒疫苗(BNT162b2/ChAdOx1) 副萨特氏菌/优杆菌属/布劳特氏菌丰度与ChAdOx1免疫应答呈正相关；瘤胃球菌/龙包茨氏菌/毛螺菌/梭菌/真杆菌/铁门罗螺菌/盲肠罗斯拜瑞氏菌丰度与BNT162b2免疫应答呈正相关 
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