Abstract: We reported a case of lumbar spinal stenosis, whose symptoms improved temporarily after surgery, but 4 weeks later, the symptoms worsened again, in addition to fever and bilateral foot drop. The patient was diagnosed with POEMS syndrome after multidisciplinary consultation, the symptoms improved with chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. Although POEMS syndrome is a rare disease, and the combination with lumbar spinal stenosis is an even rarer condition, if we stick to following the diagnostic protocol for neurological diseases to find the location first and then the etiology, without neglectingdoubtful points, we will be able to avoid misdiagnosis in such cases.