Abstract: In serious medical adverse events, patients and their families, as the "first victims," bear direct harm and multiple burdens. However, healthcare professionals who also suffer physical and psychological trauma during such events become "second victims." Their support needs are complex; relevant domestic studies have identified five dimensions:emotional, organizational, work-related, professional, and learning needs. Meanwhile, evidence for the effectiveness of support measures remains insufficient, highlighting the necessity of developing a support system tailored to the local cultural context. This article aims to systematically review the definition and evolution of the second victim concept, analyze its prevalence and multidimensional impact, summarize existing international support models and intervention strategies, and explore the challenges and future directions faced by healthcare institutions in current practice. Based on existing evidence and the distinctive features of China's healthcare environment, this article proposes a prospective framework for a future support system in the Chinese context:a "three-tier precision support system" encompassing universal prevention, selective intervention, and targeted treatment, with clearly defined implementation pathways and core safeguarding mechanisms at each tier, thereby offering a potential approach to addressing the second victim issue in China.