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长期规律体育训练青少年身体组成情况及相关影响因素

Body Composition Profiles and Associated Factors in Adolescents UndergoingLong-term Regular Exercise

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 研究长期规律体育训练青少年的身体组成情况及相关影响因素。
    方法 本研究为前瞻性队列研究，采用便利抽样法选取2023年6月在济宁市体育训练中心接受长期规律体育训练的青少年，并进行体格测量，获取身高、体重、体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)、血压、心率、腰围、臀围等数据，采用问卷调查获取睡眠时间、电子屏幕使用时间和家庭收入情况。2024年6月重复体格测量及问卷调查，并采用生物电阻抗法补充测量人体成分(体成分体重、骨骼肌量、体脂肪量、体脂率)。以随访期体脂率、BMI和腰围作为因变量，以训练类型(直接对抗性训练或非直接对抗性训练)作为自变量建立线性回归模型，分析训练类型与体脂率、BMI及腰围的相关性。
    结果 共纳入110名青少年(女生39名、男生71名)，其中65人接受直接对抗性训练，45人接受非直接对抗性训练，中位年龄为13.21(12.46, 14.33)岁，超重或肥胖率为27.27%，腰围偏高率为24.55%，血压偏高率为16.36%。随访期超重或肥胖率为24.55%，腰围偏高率为26.36%，血压偏高率为13.64%，其中血压偏高组的腰围(P=0.034)、腰围偏高率(P=0.011) 和体成分体重(P=0.049)均显著高于血压正常组。56.36%的青少年随访期BMI较基线期增加，63.64%的青少年随访期腰围较基线期增加。线性回归模型校正性别、年龄、基线期数据、睡眠时间、电子屏幕使用时间和家庭收入情况后显示，直接对抗性运动与体脂率(β=-6.57，95% CI：-9.37~-3.78，P＜0.001)、BMI(β=-1.30，95% CI：-2.50~-0.11，P=0.036)、腰围(β=-2.31，95% CI：-4.40~-0.22，P=0.034)均呈显著负相关性。
    结论 进行长期规律体育训练的青少年中，超重或肥胖、腹型肥胖和血压偏高的情况仍较多，应重视这一群体的肥胖情况以及潜在不良影响。此外，体育运动方式可能会影响青少年人体成分变化，直接对抗性运动有助于降低青少年体脂率、BMI和腰围。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective To investigate body composition and associated factors in adolescents undergoing long-term regular sports training.
    Methods This prospective longitudinal cohort study employed convenience sampling to recruit adolescents receiving structured athletic training at Jining Sports Training Center in June 2023. Baseline measurements included height, weight, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, heart rate, waist circumference, and hip circumference. Questionnaires assessed sleep duration, screen time, and household income. Follow-up measurements in June 2024 repeated these assessments while adding bioelectrical impedance analysis for body composition (lean mass, skeletal muscle mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage). Linear regression models examined associations between training type (direct-contact vs. non-contact sports) and follow-up body fat percentage, BMI, and waist circumference as dependent variables, adjusting for covariates.
    Results The study included 110 adolescents (39 female, 71 male) with median age 13.21 years (IQR: 12.46-14.33). Participants comprised 65 direct-contact and 45 non-contact athletes. Baseline prevalence rates were 27.27% for overweight/obesity, 24.55% for elevated waist circumference, and 16.36% for elevated blood pressure. At follow-up, corresponding rates were 24.55%, 26.36%, and 13.64% respectively. The elevated blood pressure subgroup showed significantly higher waist circumference (P=0.034), elevated waist circumference rate (P=0.011), and body composition weight (P=0.049) compared to normotensive peers. Longitudinal analysis revealed 56.36% of participants increased BMI and 63.64% increased waist circumference. Adjusted linear regression demonstrated significant inverse associations between direct-contact training and body fat percentage (β=-6.57, 95% CI: -9.37 to -3.78, P < 0.001), BMI(β=-1.30, 95% CI: -2.50 to -0.11, P=0.036), and waist circumference(β=-2.31, 95% CI: -4.40 to -0.22, P=0.034).
    Conclusions Despite regular athletic training, substantial proportions of adolescents exhibited overweight/obesity, abdominal obesity, and elevated blood pressure, warranting clinical attention. Training modality appears to influence body composition changes, with direct-contact sports associated with more favorable adiposity-related outcomes.

     

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