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摘要: 铂类药物是作用机制独特的广谱抗肿瘤药物，以铂类药物为基础的联合化疗是妇科肿瘤最常用的化疗方案。紫杉醇联合卡铂方案是上皮性卵巢癌的首选标准方案，顺铂是子宫颈癌的首选铂类药物。耐药是铂类药物临床应用中面临的最大挑战，此外，应积极预防和处理铂类药物不良反应及过敏反应。《妇科肿瘤铂类药物临床应用指南》旨在规范铂类药物的临床用药方案及用药后管理。Abstract: Platinum drugs have a wide spectrum of activity and remarkable therapeutic effects. Platinum-based chemotherapy is a widely recommended regimen for gynecology oncology. Carboplatin/paclitaxel is the "standard" combination of the first choice of therapy for patients with ovarian cancer. Cisplatin is preferred for cervical cancer. Preventing and mitigating adverse events and drug reactions are an important part of platinum treatment. For platinum-resistant disease, non-platinum-based agents or regimens are preferred. Platinum resistance remains an urgent challenge for the treatment of gynecological tumors. In order to standardize the clinical management of platinum therapy, we organized experts and scholars to discuss many times, and finally formed this consensus.
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Key words:
- platinum drugs /
- gynecological tumors /
- resistance
利益冲突：共识制订工作组所有参与人员均声明不存在利益冲突执笔专家组：
孔北华，刘继红，向阳，张国楠，陈刚，尹如铁，李秀琴，姜洁，沈源明，刘红，蒋芳，邓婷，李小平，鹿欣，谢幸，马丁编审专家组(以姓氏笔画为序)：
万小平(上海市第一妇婴保健院)，马丁(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院)，王丹波(辽宁省肿瘤医院)，王世宣(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院)，王建六(北京大学人民医院)，王新宇(浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院)，尹如铁(四川大学华西第二医院)，孔北华(山东大学齐鲁医院)，邓婷(中山大学肿瘤防治中心)，曲芃芃(天津市中心妇产科医院)，吕卫国(浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院)，向阳(中国医学科学院北京协和医院)，刘红(四川省肿瘤医院/四川省第二人民医院)，刘继红(中山大学肿瘤防治中心)，李小平(北京大学人民医院)，李秀琴(中国医科大学附属盛京医院)，杨兴升(山东大学齐鲁医院)，杨佳欣(中国医学科学院北京协和医院)，吴小华(复旦大学附属肿瘤医院)，吴令英(中国医学科学院肿瘤医院)，汪辉(浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院)，沈铿(中国医学科学院北京协和医院)，沈源明(浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院)，宋坤(山东大学齐鲁医院)，张国楠(四川省肿瘤医院/四川省第二人民医院)，陈刚(华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院)，赵霞(四川大学华西第二医院)，哈春芳(宁夏医科大学/宁夏医科大学总医院)，姜洁(山东大学齐鲁医院)，徐丛剑(复旦大学附属妇产科医院)，高雨农(北京大学肿瘤医院)，郭瑞霞(郑州大学第一附属医院)，崔恒(北京大学人民医院)，康山(河北医科大学第四医院)，鹿欣(复旦大学附属妇产科医院)，梁志清(陆军军医大学第一附属医院)，蒋芳(中国医学科学院北京协和医院)，程文俊(南京医科大学第一附属医院/江苏省人民医院)，谢幸(浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院) -
表 1 推荐级别及其代表意义
推荐级别 代表意义 1类 基于高级别临床研究证据，专家意见高度一致 2A类 基于低级别临床研究证据，专家意见高度一致；或基于高级别临床研究证据，专家意见基本一致 2B类 基于低级别临床研究证据，专家意见基本一致 3类 不论基于何种级别临床研究证据，专家意见明显分歧 
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表 2 三代铂类药物的药理特点和不良反应比较
铂类 药物名称 理化性质 t1/2总铂 不良反应 肾毒性 耳毒性 外周神经毒性 白细胞减少 血小板减少 消化道毒性 剂量限制性毒性 第一代 顺铂 微溶 ＞5 d 很强 很强 稍强 强 弱 很强 肾毒性 第二代 卡铂 略溶 (5.8±1.6)d 弱 弱 弱 很强 很强 强 骨髓抑制 第二代 奈达铂 略溶 平均9 h 弱 弱 弱 很强 强 强 骨髓抑制 第三代 奥沙利铂 微溶 - 弱 弱 很强 强 弱 稍强 外周神经毒性 第三代 洛铂 略溶 (6.8±4.3)d 弱 弱 弱 稍强 很强 稍强 血小板减少
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表 3 子宫颈癌根治性同步放化疗的化疗方案
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表 4 早期子宫颈癌术后辅助化疗方案
药物 剂量 指征 疗程数 紫杉醇 135~175 mg/m2 淋巴结转移和/或宫旁浸润 6个 顺铂 75 mg/m2 (1)≥2/3深层间质浸润 ·任意1条，3个
·≥任意2条，6个(2)组织病理学分级为中低分化(G2~G3)
(3)淋巴血管间隙受侵
(4)肿瘤最大径＞4 cm
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表 5 ⅣB期和复发性子宫颈癌的挽救/姑息化疗方案
方案 用法 顺铂+紫杉醇+贝伐珠单抗[21] 紫杉醇135 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞24 h，或紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h；顺铂50 mg/m2；贝伐珠单抗15 mg/kg，静脉滴注30~90 min；每3周1次 卡铂+紫杉醇+贝伐珠单抗[20-21] 紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h；卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注＞1 h；贝伐珠单抗15 mg/kg，静脉滴注30~90 min；每3周1次 顺铂+紫杉醇[17] 紫杉醇135 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞24 h，第1天；顺铂50 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第2天；每3周1次 卡铂+紫杉醇[20] 紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h；卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注＞1 h；每3周1次 顺铂+托泊替康[18] 托泊替康0.75 mg/m2，静脉滴注30 min，第1~3天；顺铂50 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；每3周1次 AUC：同表 3
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表 6 子宫颈神经内分泌癌的化疗方案
方案 用法 顺铂+依托泊苷[32-33] ①顺铂25 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~3天；依托泊苷100 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~3天；每3周1次 ②顺铂75 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1天；依托泊苷100 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~3天；每3周1次 ③顺铂60 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1天；依托泊苷120 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~3天；每3周1次 卡铂+依托泊苷[34] 卡铂AUC＝5~6，静脉滴注，第1天；依托泊苷100 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~3天；每3周1次 顺铂+伊立替康[35-36] ①顺铂60 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；伊立替康60 mg/m2，静脉滴注90 min，第1、8、15天；每4周1次 ②顺铂30 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1、8天；伊立替康65 mg/m2，静脉滴注90 min，第1、8天；每3周1次 AUC：同表 3
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表 7 晚期上皮性卵巢癌含铂化疗方案
方案 用法 首选方案 紫杉醇+卡铂[39-40] 紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h，第1天；卡铂AUC＝5~6，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；间隔3周，共6个疗程a 其他可选方案 多西他赛+卡铂[43] 多西他赛60~75 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；卡铂AUC＝5~6，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；间隔3周，共6个疗程a 紫杉醇+顺铂[53-54] 紫杉醇135 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞24 h，第1天，60 mg/m2，腹腔注射，第8天；顺铂75~100 mg/m2，腹腔注射，第2天；间隔3周，共6个疗程 PLD+卡铂[44] PLD 30 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；卡铂AUC＝5~6，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；间隔4周，共3~6个疗程a 紫杉醇+卡铂[47-50] ①紫杉醇80 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1、8、15天；卡铂AUC＝5~6，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；卡铂间隔3周，共6个疗程
②紫杉醇60 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；卡铂AUC＝2，静脉滴注＞30 min，第1天；每周1次，共18次b紫杉醇+卡铂+贝伐珠
单抗贝伐珠单抗(维
持)[45-46]①紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h，第1天；卡铂AUC＝6，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；贝伐珠单抗(第2疗程起)15 mg/kg，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；贝伐珠单抗(维持)15 mg/kg，静脉滴注＞1 h；间隔3周，三药联合共5个疗程后贝伐珠单抗单药间隔3周1次，共16次c
②紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h，第1天；卡铂AUC＝5~6，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；贝伐珠单抗7.5 mg/kg，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；贝伐珠单抗(维持)7.5 mg/kg，静脉滴注＞1 h；间隔3周，三药联合共5~6个疗程后贝伐珠单抗单药间隔3周1次，共12次cAUC：同表 3；PLD：聚乙二醇化脂质体多柔比星；a早期卵巢癌可选方案，Ⅰ期高级别浆液性卵巢癌推荐6个疗程，其他类型为3~6个疗程；b更适合全身状况差的患者；c贝伐珠单抗及其生物类似物
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表 9 铂敏感复发卵巢癌含铂化疗方案
方案 用法 首选方案 紫杉醇+卡铂±贝伐珠单抗[62, 66] 紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h，第1天；卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注＞30 min，第1天；贝伐珠单抗15 mg/kg，静脉滴注＞1 h；三药联合，间隔3周，共6~8个疗程，达CR/PR后贝伐珠单抗静脉滴注间隔3周1次，维持至PD或不良反应不耐受 其他可选方案 PLD+卡铂±贝伐珠单抗[64, 67] PLD 30 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注＞30 min，第1天；贝伐珠单抗10 mg/kg，第1、15天；三药联合，间隔4周，共6~10个疗程，达CR/PR后贝伐珠单抗15 mg/kg间隔3周1次，维持至PD或不良反应不耐受 吉西他滨+卡铂±贝伐珠单抗[63, 65] 吉西他滨1000 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞30 min，第1、8天；卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注＞30 min，第1天；贝伐珠单抗15 mg/kg，静脉滴注＞1 h；三药联合，间隔3周，共6个疗程，达CR/PR后贝伐珠单抗间隔3周1次，维持至PD或不良反应不耐受 多西他赛+卡铂[68] 多西他赛75 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注＞30 min，第1天；间隔3周，共6个疗程 卡铂单药[63] 卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注＞30 min，第1天；间隔3周，共6个疗程 顺铂单药[62] 顺铂75 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞30 min，第1天；间隔3周，共6个疗程 紫杉醇+奈达铂[74] 紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h，第1天；奈达铂80 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；间隔3周，共6个疗程 洛铂单药[75] 洛铂50 mg/m2，静脉滴注，每4周1次 AUC：同表 3；CR：完全缓解；PR：部分缓解；PD：疾病进展；PLD：同表 7
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表 11 Ⅰ期上皮性卵巢癌术后管理推荐
肿瘤类型 病理分期 推荐处理方案 观察 标准以铂类药物为基础的化疗(静脉注射方式)* 其他辅助性全身治疗 高级别浆液性癌 ⅠA/B/C期 - √ - G2子宫内膜样癌 ⅠA/B期 √ √ - G3子宫内膜样癌 ⅠA/B/C期 - √ - 癌肉瘤 ⅠA/B/C期 - √ 卡铂+异环磷酰胺 顺铂+异环磷酰胺 紫杉醇+异环磷酰胺(2B类) 透明细胞癌 ⅠA期 √ √ - 透明细胞癌 ⅠB/C期 - √ - 黏液性癌 ⅠA/B期 √ - - 黏液性癌 ⅠC期 √ √ 5-FU+亚叶酸钙+奥沙利铂 卡培他滨+奥沙利铂 G1子宫内膜样癌 ⅠA/B期 √ - - G1子宫内膜样癌 ⅠC期 √(2B类) √ 激素治疗(2B类) 低级别浆液性癌 ⅠA/B期 √ - - 低级别浆液性癌 ⅠC期 √(2B类) √ 激素治疗(2B类) -：不推荐；√：推荐；*可在Ⅰ期患者应用紫杉醇+卡铂、多西他赛+卡铂、PLD+卡铂；5-FU：5-氟尿嘧啶；PLD：同表 7
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表 12 Ⅱ~Ⅳ期上皮性卵巢癌术后管理推荐
肿瘤类型 推荐处理方案 标准以铂类药物为基础的化疗±贝伐珠单抗(静脉注射方式) 其他治疗 高级别浆液性癌 √ IP/Ⅳ紫杉醇+顺铂(Ⅲ期满意肿瘤细胞减灭术) G2/3子宫内膜样癌 √ IP/Ⅳ紫杉醇+顺铂(Ⅲ期满意肿瘤细胞减灭术) 癌肉瘤 √ IP/Ⅳ紫杉醇+顺铂(Ⅲ期满意肿瘤细胞减灭术) 卡铂+异环磷酰胺 顺铂+异环磷酰胺 紫杉醇+异环磷酰胺(2B类) 透明细胞癌 √ IP/Ⅳ紫杉醇+顺铂(Ⅲ期满意肿瘤细胞减灭术) 黏液性癌 √ 5-FU+亚叶酸钙+奥沙利铂±贝伐珠单抗(贝伐珠单抗为2B类) 卡培他滨+奥沙利铂±贝伐珠单抗(贝伐珠单抗为2B类) 低级别浆液性癌 √ 内分泌治疗(2B类) G1子宫内膜样癌 √ 内分泌治疗(2B类) √：推荐；IP：腹腔注射；Ⅳ：静脉注射; 5-FU：同表 11
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表 13 上皮性卵巢癌化疗方案
方案 用法 顺铂+异环磷酰胺[77] 顺铂40 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1天；异环磷酰胺1200 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~4天；每4周重复 卡铂+异环磷酰胺[78] 卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注，第1天；异环磷酰胺3000 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1天；每3周重复 伊立替康+顺铂[79] 伊立替康60 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1、8、15天；顺铂60 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1天；每4周重复 FOLFOX-4[80] 奥沙利铂85 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞2 h，第1天；四氢叶酸200 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞2 h，第1天；5-FU 400 mg/m2，静脉推注，第1天，然后600 mg/m2，持续静脉滴注22 h，第1~2天；每3周重复 FOLFOX+贝伐珠单抗[81] 奥沙利铂85 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞2 h，第1天；四氢叶酸200 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞2 h，第1天；5-FU 400 mg/m2，静脉推注，第1天，然后600 mg/m2，持续静脉滴注22 h，第1~2天；贝伐珠单抗5 mg/kg，静脉滴注，第1天；每2周重复 奥沙利铂+卡培他滨[82] 奥沙利铂130 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞2 h，第1天；卡培他滨每次850 mg/m2，2次/d，口服，第1~14天；每3周重复 奥沙利铂+卡培他滨+贝伐珠单抗[82] 奥沙利铂130 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞2 h，第1天；卡培他滨每次850 mg/m2，2次/d，口服，第1~14天；贝伐珠单抗15 mg/kg，静脉滴注，第1天；每3周重复 AUC：同表 3；5-FU：同表 11
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表 14 卵巢生殖细胞肿瘤初始化疗方案
方案 用法 博来霉素+依托泊苷+顺铂[90-91] 博来霉素30 U/周，静脉滴注；依托泊苷100 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~5天；顺铂20 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~5天；每3周重复 卡铂+依托泊苷[92] 卡铂400 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1天；依托泊苷120 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~3天；每4周重复 博来霉素+依托泊苷+顺铂
(儿童)[93]博来霉素15 U/m2，第1天；依托泊苷167 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~3天；顺铂33 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~3天；每3周重复 注：博来霉素的主要不良反应为肺纤维化、间质性肺炎，用药期间应注意复查胸部X线片和肺功能，一旦出现肺毒性症状应立即停药，终身剂量不超过270 U
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表 15 卵巢生殖细胞肿瘤复发后化疗方案
方案 用法 紫杉醇+异环磷酰胺+顺铂[94] 紫杉醇250 mg/m2，持续静脉滴注24 h，第1天；异环磷酰胺1500 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞60 min，第2~5天；顺铂25 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞30 min，第2~5天；每3周重复 顺铂+依托泊苷[99] 顺铂20 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~5天；依托泊苷100 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~5天；每3周重复 依托泊苷+异环磷酰胺+顺铂[95] 依托泊苷75 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞60 min，第1~5天；异环磷酰胺1200 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~5天；顺铂20 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞60 min，第1~5天；每3周重复 长春碱+异环磷酰胺+顺铂[97] 长春碱0.11 mg/kg，静脉滴注，5~10 min，第1~2天；异环磷酰胺1200 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1~5天；顺铂20 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞60 min，第1~5天；每3周重复
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表 16 子宫内膜癌含铂化疗方案
方案 用法 卡铂+紫杉醇[112] 卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注＞1 h；紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h；每3周1次 卡铂+紫杉醇+曲妥珠单抗[116] 紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h；卡铂AUC ＝5，静脉滴注＞1 h；首次曲妥珠单抗8 mg/kg(随后周期6 mg/kg)，静脉滴注；每3周1次 卡铂+多西他赛[119-120] 多西他赛60~75 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注＞1 h，第1天；每3周1次 顺铂+多柔比星[110-111] 多柔比星60 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h；顺铂50 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h；每3周1次 顺铂+多柔比星+紫杉醇[111] 紫杉醇160 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h；多柔比星45 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h；顺铂50 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h；每3周1次 卡铂+紫杉醇+贝伐珠单抗[113] 紫杉醇175 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞3 h；卡铂AUC＝5，静脉滴注＞1 h；贝伐珠单抗15 mg/kg，静脉滴注30~90 min；每3周1次 顺铂单药 顺铂50~75 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞1 h，每3周1次，需要水化 卡铂单药 卡铂AUC ＝ 4~5，静脉滴注＞1 h，每3周1次 奥沙利铂单药[115] 奥沙利铂130 mg/m2，静脉滴注＞2 h，每3周1次 奈达铂+伊立替康[114] 伊立替康40~70 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1、8、15天；奈达铂50 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1天；每4周1次 顺铂+异环磷酰胺[117] 顺铂20 mg/m2，静脉滴注×5 d；异环磷酰胺1500 mg/m2，静脉滴注×5 d；每3周1次 AUC：同表 3
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表 17 妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤含铂化疗方案
方案 用法 EMA/EP[127] EMA：依托泊苷100 mg/m2，第1~2天；甲氨蝶呤100 mg/m2静脉滴注→200 mg/m2静脉滴注12 h，第1天；四氢叶酸15 mg，口服或肌内注射，每12小时1次×4次；放线菌素D 0.5 mg，静脉滴注，第1~2天
EP：依托泊苷100 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第8天；顺铂75 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第8天
EMA和EP每周交替，2周为1个疗程，第15天开始下1个疗程EP/EMA[126] EP：依托泊苷150 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1天；顺铂75 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第1天
EMA：依托泊苷100 mg/m2，第8天；甲氨蝶呤300 mg/m2，静脉滴注，第8天；四氢叶酸15 mg，口服或肌内注射，每12小时1次×4次；放线菌素D 0.5 mg，静脉滴注，第8天
第15天开始下1个疗程ICE[130] 依托泊苷100 mg/m2，第1~3天；异环磷酰胺1.2 g/m2，第1~3天；卡铂300 mg/m2，第1天；21天为1个疗程 TP/TE[129] TP：紫杉醇135 mg/m2+顺铂60 mg/m2
TE：紫杉醇135 mg/m2+依托泊苷150 mg/m2
TP和TE两周交替，4周为1个疗程VIP[130] 依托泊苷75 mg/m2，第1~4天；异环磷酰胺1.2 g/m2，第1~4天；顺铂20 mg/m2，第1~4天；21天为1个疗程 BEP[130] 顺铂20 mg/m2，第1~5天；依托泊苷100 mg/m2，第1~5天；博来霉素15 mg/mm2，第1~2天；21天为1个疗程 EP[125] 依托泊苷100 mg/m2，第1~2天；顺铂20 mg/m2，第1~2天；7天为1个疗程
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表 18 药物反应症状
药物反应 轻度(输注反应) 严重(过敏反应) 致命(过敏反应) 铂类 非铂类 铂类 非铂类 铂类 非铂类 潮热 × × 皮肤 皮疹 × × 瘙痒 × × 全身性荨麻疹 × × 胸部、腹部、盆腔或背部疼痛 × × × 呼吸系统 呼吸短促、困难 × × 呼吸系统受损 × × 心血管系统 血压改变需处理 × × 严重低血压 × × 消化系统(如恶心、呕吐) × × × × 急性发作 × × 濒死感、焦虑、不适 × × 停止输注后症状迅速缓解 × × 注：×表示出现药物反应
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