作者投稿
专家审稿
编辑办公
邮件订阅
RSS
-
摘要: 国内不同地区、不同医院肠外营养混合液处方组成和配制方法差别较大。为改善国内肠外营养液配制认知、减少不当配制、降低患者相关风险, 中华医学会肠外肠内营养学分会药学协作组组织专家, 按目前中国当前实际情况及国际上发表的研究结果及循证医学证据, 结合配制方面有关专家的经验, 形成《规范肠外营养液配制》专家共识, 为国内肠外营养液配制的规范化和标准化提供推荐意见。Abstract: Components and compounding of parenteral nutrition solutions were different in different hospitals and different parts of China. In order to raise awareness, reduce improper compounding and improve patient safety, Pharmacy Cooperative Group of Chinese Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition composed the Consensus for Parenteral Nutrition Solutions Compounding, providing evidence for standardization in this field.
-
Key words:
- parenteral nutrition solution /
- total nutrient admixture /
- compounding
-
表 1 肠外营养液组成成分
药物类别 上市品种 碳水化合物 葡萄糖注射液 脂肪乳 脂肪乳注射液、中/长链脂肪乳、结构脂肪乳、ω-3鱼油脂肪乳、多种油脂肪乳 氨基酸 复方氨基酸注射液(3AA、6AA、9AA、15HBC、18AA、20AA等)、小儿复方氨基酸、丙氨酰谷氨酰胺 电解质 氯化钾注射液、氯化钠注射液、葡萄糖酸钙注射液、氯化钙注射液、硫酸镁注射液、门冬氨酸钾镁注射液、甘油磷酸钠注射液、复合磷酸氢钾注射液 微量营养素 水溶性维生素、脂溶性维生素、复合维生素、多种微量元素 水 灭菌注射用水(或通过0.9%氯化钠、5%葡萄糖、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液等补充) 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 各功能室洁净度级别要求
各功能室 GMP ISO 悬浮粒子最大允许数(m3) ≥0.5 μm ≥5 μm 一次更衣室 D级(静态) 8 3 520 000 29 000 洗衣洁具间 D级(静态) 8 3 520 000 29 000 二次更衣室 C级(静态) 7 352 000 2 900 配制间 C级(静态) 7 352 000 2 900 层流洁净工作台 B级(静态) 5 3 520 29 GMP:药品生产质量管理规范; ISO:国际标准化组织
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 蒋朱明, 于康, 蔡威.临床肠外与肠内营养[M]. 2版.北京:科学技术文献出版社, 2010: 333-347. [2] 蒋朱明, 王秀荣, 曹金铎, 等.双腔袋(PN-Twin)配制营养液与洁净台内人工配制营养液、电脑配制营养液效率的对比研究[J].中华临床营养杂志, 2002, 10: 83-85. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-635X.2002.02.005 [3] 孙文彦, 王秀荣, 蒋朱明, 等.两种不同配液环境对配液质量影响[J].中华临床营养杂志, 2001, 9: 103-104. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zglcyyzz200102032 [4] 蒋朱明, 杨剑, 许静涌, 等.列入临床诊疗指南和国家卫生和计划生育委员会行业标准的营养风险筛查2002工具实用表格及注意事项[J].中华临床营养杂志, 2017, 5:263-267. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1674-635X.2017.05.001 [5] Insititute for Safe Medication Practices. ISMP List of High-Alert Medications in Long-Term Care (LTC) Settings[EB/OL]. 2017-05-21. http://www.ismp.org. [6] Insititute for Safe Medication Practices. ISMP List of High-Alert Medications in Acute Care Settings[EB/OL].2017-05-21. http://www.ismp.org/Tools/institutionalhighAlert.asp. [7] Shay DK, Fann LM, Jarvis WR. Respiratory distress and sudden death associated with receipt of a peripheral parenteral nutrition admixture[J]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 1997, 18: 814-817. doi: 10.2307/30141339 [8] Hill SE, Heldman LS, Goo ED, et al. Fatal microvascular pulmonary emboli from precipitation of a total nutrient admixture solution[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1996, 20: 81-87. doi: 10.1177/014860719602000181 [9] Mckinnon BT. FDA safety alert: hazards of precipitation associated with parenteral nutrition[J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 1996, 11: 59-65. doi: 10.1177/011542659601100259 [10] Lumpkin MM. Safety alert: hazards of precipitation associated with parenteral nutrition[J]. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1994, 51: 1427-1428. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7942876 [11] Grissinger M. Another tragic parenteral nutrition compounding error[J]. P T, 2014, 39: 810-822. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=f902a891aa94c66cec2a660b27df4695 [12] Gupta N, Hocevar SN, Moulton-Meissner HA, et al. Outbreak of serratia marcescens bloodstream infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition prepared by a compounding pharmacy[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2014, 59: 1-8. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu218 [13] 全国科学技术名词审定委员会.肠外与肠内营养学名词[EB/OL].2017-05-21. http://www.cnctst.cn/sdgb/sdygb/201705/t20170508_371983.html. [14] Campos AC, Paluzzi M, Meguid MM. Clinical use of total nutritional admixtures[J]. Nutrition, 1990, 6: 347-356. http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/2134556 [15] Durand-Zaleski I, Delaunay L, Langeron O, et al. Infection risk and cost-effectiveness of commercial bags or glass bottles for total parenteral nutrition[J]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 1997, 18: 183-188. doi: 10.2307/30141979 [16] Pichard C, Schwarz G, Frei A, et al. Economic investigation of the use of three-compartment total parenteral nutrition bag: prospective randomized unblinded controlled study[J]. Clin Nutr, 2000, 19: 245-251. doi: 10.1054/clnu.2000.0106 [17] Menne R, Adolph M, Brock E, et al. Cost analysis of parenteral nutrition regimens in the intensive care unit: three-compartment bag system vs multibottle system[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2008, 32: 606-612. doi: 10.1177/0148607108322404 [18] Turpin RS, Canada T, Liu FX, et al. Nutrition therapy cost analysis in the US: pre-mixed multi-chamber bag vs compounded parenteral nutrition[J]. Appl Health Econ Health Policy, 2011, 9: 281-292. doi: 10.2165/11594980-000000000-00000 [19] Berlana D, Sabin P, Gimeno-Ballester V, et al. Cost analysis of adult parenteral nutrition systems: three-compartment bag versus customized[J]. Nutr Hosp, 2013, 28: 2135-2141. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24506393 [20] Doublet J, Vialet R, Nicaise C, et al. Achieving parenteral nutrition goals in the critically ill newborns: standardized better than individualized formulations?[J]. Minerva Pediatr, 2013, 65: 497-504. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24056376 [21] Alfonso JE, Berlana D, Ukleja A, et al. Clinical, ergonomic, and economic outcomes with multichamber bags compared with (hHospital) pharmacy compounded bags and multibottle systems: a systematic literature review[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2017, 41:1162-1177. doi: 10.1177/0148607116657541 [22] Berlana D, Barraquer A, Sabin P, et al. Impact of parenteral nutrition standardization on costs and quality in adult patients[J]. Nutr Hosp, 2014, 30: 351-358. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=Doaj000004624964 [23] Yeung MY, Smyth JP, Maheshwari R, et al. Evaluation of standardized versus individualized total parenteral nutrition regime for neonates less than 33 weeks gestation[J]. J Paediatr Child Health, 2003, 39: 613-617. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00246.x [24] Butler TJ, Szekely LJ, Grow JL. A standardized nutrition approach for very low birth weight neonates improves outcomes, reduces cost and is not associated with increased rates of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis or mortality[J]. J Perinatol, 2013, 33: 851-857. doi: 10.1038/jp.2013.66 [25] Ferrie S, Carey S, Ryan R, et al. Parenteral nutrition with standard solutions: not the best solution for everyone? A retrospective audit of 300 patients[J]. J Infus Nurs, 2014, 37: 424-431. doi: 10.1097/NAN.0000000000000077 [26] Smolkin T, Diab G, Shohat I, et al. Standardized versus individualized parenteral nutrition in very low birth weight infants: a comparative study[J]. Neonatology, 2010, 98: 170-178. doi: 10.1159/000282174 [27] 卫生部.静脉用药集中调配质量管理规范[EB/OL].2017-05-21. http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohbgt/s10787/201004/46963.shtml. [28] American Society of Health System P harmacists. ASHP guidelines on compounding sterile preparations[J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2014, 71: 145-166. doi: 10.2146/sp140001 [29] Hung JC. USP general chapter pharmaceutical compounding-sterile preparations[J]. J Nucl Med, 2004, 45:20N, 28N. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15181114 [30] Tucker A, Ybarra J, Bingham A, et al. American society for parenteral and enteral nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) standards of practice for nutrition support pharmacists[J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2015, 30: 139-146. doi: 10.1177/0884533614550318 [31] National Advisory Group on Standards and Practice Guidelines for Parenteral Nutrition. Safe Practices for Parenteral Nutrition Formulations[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1998, 22: 49-66. doi: 10.1177/014860719802200201 [32] Takamura A, Ishii F, Noro S, et al. Study of intravenous hyperalimentation: effect of selected amino acids on the stability of intravenous fat emulsions[J]. J Pharm Sci, 1984, 73: 91-94. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600730124 [33] Institute for Safe Medication Practices. ISMP guidelines for safe preparation of compounded sterile preparations[EB/OL]. 2017-05-21.http://www.ismp.org/Tools/guidelines/IVSummit/IVCGuidelines.pdf. [34] Ayers P, Adams S, Boullata J, et al. A.S.P.E.N. parenteral nutrition safety consensus recommendations: translation into practice[J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2014, 29: 277-282. doi: 10.1177/0884533614531294 [35] Sacks GS, Rough S, Kudsk KA. Frequency and severity of harm of medication errors related to the parenteral nutrition process in a large university teaching hospital[J]. Pharmacotherapy, 2009, 29: 966-974. doi: 10.1592/phco.29.8.966 [36] Vanek VW, Ayers P, Charney P, et al. Follow-up survey on functionality of nutrition documentation and ordering nutrition therapy in currently available electronic health record systems[J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2016, 31: 401-415. doi: 10.1177/0884533616629619 [37] Beattie C, Allard J, Raman M. Comparison between premixed and compounded parenteral nutrition solutions in hospitalized patients requiring parenteral nutrition[J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 2016, 31: 229-234. doi: 10.1177/0884533615621046 [38] United States Pharmacopeia. Globule size distribution in lipid emulsions[M]. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia(USP38), 2015:567-610. [39] Driscoll DF, Bhargava HN, Li L, et al. Physicochemical stability of total nutrient admixtures[J]. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 1995, 52: 623-634. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/52.6.623 [40] Allen LV. Remington: the science and practice of pharmacy[M]. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Pharmaceutical Press, 2014:2267-2268. [41] Harrie KR, Jacob M, Mccormick D, et al. Comparison of total nutrient admixture stability using two intravenous fat emulsions, soyacal and intralipid 20%[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1986, 10: 381-387. doi: 10.1177/0148607186010004381 [42] Bullock L, Fitzgerald JF, Walter WV. Emulsion stability in total nutrient admixtures containing a pediatric amino acid formulation[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1992, 16: 64-68. doi: 10.1177/014860719201600164 [43] Klang MG. PFAT5 and the evolution of lipid admixture stability[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2015, 39: 67S-71S. doi: 10.1177/0148607115595976 [44] Komatsu H, Kitajima A, Okada S. Pharmaceutical characterization of commercially available intravenous fat emulsions: estimation of average particle size, size distribution and surface potential using photon correlation spectroscopy[J]. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 1995, 43: 1412-1415. doi: 10.1248/cpb.43.1412 [45] Davis SS, Galloway M. Studies on fat emulsions in combined nutrition solutions[J]. J Clin Hosp Pharm, 1986, 11: 33-45. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1111/j.1365-2710.1986.tb00826.x [46] Barnett MI. Physical stability of All in One admixtures: factors affecting fat droplets[J]. Nutrition, 1989, 5: 348-349. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/2520323 [47] Johnston IDA. Advances in clinical nutrition[M]. Netherlands: Springer, 1983:213-239. [48] Watrobska-Swietlikowska D, Szlagatys-Sidorkiewicz A, Luszkiewicz K. Evaluation of physical stability of all in one parenteral admixtures for pediatric home care with high electrolytes concentrations[J]. Nutr Hosp, 2014, 31: 236-243. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25561115 [49] Boullata JI, Gilbert K, Sacks G, et al. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: parenteral nutrition ordering, order review, compounding, labeling, and dispensing[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2014, 38: 334-377. doi: 10.1177/0148607114521833 [50] Singleton WS, Gray MS, Brown ML, et al. Chromatographically Homogeneous Lecithin from Egg Phospholipids[J]. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 1965, 42: 53-56. doi: 10.1007/BF02558256 [51] Knutsen CV, Epps DR, Mccormick DC, et al. Total nutrient admixture guidelines[J]. Drug Intell Clin Pharm, 1984, 18: 253-254. doi: 10.1177/106002808401800316 [52] Iliano L, Delanghe M, van den Baviere H, et al. Effect of electrolytes in the presence of some trace elements on the stability of all-in-one emulsion mixtures for total parenteral nutrition[J]. J Clin Hosp Pharm, 1984, 9: 87-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.1984.tb01064.x [53] Parry VA, Harrie KR, Mcintosh-Lowe NL. Effect of various nutrient ratios on the emulsion stability of total nutrient admixtures[J]. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1986, 43: 3017-3022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3101495 [54] Deitel M, Friedman KL, Cunnane S, et al. Emulsion stability in a total nutrient admixture for total parenteral nutrition[J]. J Am Coll Nutr, 1992, 11: 5-10. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1992.10718188 [55] Gomis P, Sevilla E, Oliver MJ, et al. "All in one" parenteral nutrition: is it that safe?[J]. Nutr Hosp, 1994, 9: 316-323. [56] Barat AC, Harrie K, Jacob M, et al. Effect of amino acid solutions on total nutrient admixture stability[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1987, 11: 384-388. doi: 10.1177/0148607187011004384 [57] 黄德骧, 吴海福, 吴肇汉, 等.全营养混合液中氨基酸和维生素的稳定性[J].中华外科杂志, 1995, 33: 269-272. doi: 10.3760/j:issn:0529-5815.1995.05.005 [58] Parr MD, Bertch KE, Rapp RP. Amino acid stability and microbial growth in total parenteral nutrient solutions[J]. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1985, 42: 2688-2691. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3936355 [59] Chen MF, Boyce HW JR, Triplett L. Stability of the B vitamins in mixed parenteral nutrition solution[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1983, 7: 462-464. doi: 10.1177/0148607183007005462 [60] Scheiner JM, Araujo MM, Deritter E. Thiamine destruction by sodium bisulfite in infusion solutions[J]. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1981, 38: 1911-1913. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7325171 [61] Smith JL, Canham JE, Kirkland WD, et al. Effect of intralipid, amino acids, container, temperature, and duration of storage on vitamin stability in total parenteral nutrition admixtures[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1988, 12: 478-483. doi: 10.1177/0148607188012005478 [62] Moorhatch P, Chiou WL. Interactions between drugs and plastic intravenous fluid bags. I. Sorption studies on 17 drugs[J]. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1974, 31: 72-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4810168 [63] Smith JL, Canham JE, Wells PA. Effect of phototherapy light, sodium bisulfite, and pH on vitamin stability in total parenteral nutrition admixtures[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1988, 12: 394-402. doi: 10.1177/0148607188012004394 [64] Barker A, Hebron BS, Beck PR, et al. Folic acid and total parenteral nutrition[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1984, 8: 3-8. doi: 10.1177/014860718400800103 [65] Dahl GB, Svensson L, Kinnander NJ, et al. Stability of vitamins in soybean oil fat emulsion under conditions simulating intravenous feeding of neonates and children[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1994, 18: 234-239. doi: 10.1177/0148607194018003234 [66] Uccello-Barretta G, Balzano F, Aiello F, et al. Stability of hydrophilic vitamins mixtures in the presence of electrolytes and trace elements for parenteral nutrition: a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy investigation[J]. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2015, 107: 7-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.008 [67] Ribeiro DO, Pinto DC, Lima LM, et al. Chemical stability study of vitamins thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine and ascorbic acid in parenteral nutrition for neonatal use[J]. Nutr J, 2011, 10:47. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-47 [68] Das Gupta V. Stability of vitamins in total parenteral nutrient solutions[J]. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1986, 43: 2132, 2138, 2143. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1177/0148607187011004384 [69] Kishi H, Yamaji A, Kataoka K, et al. Vitamin A and E requirements during total parenteral nutrition[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1981, 5: 420-423. doi: 10.1177/0148607181005005420 [70] Mcgee CD, Mascarenhas MG, Ostro MJ, et al. Selenium and vitamin E stability in parenteral solutions[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1985, 9: 568-570. doi: 10.1177/0148607185009005568 [71] Howard L, Chu R, Feman S, et al. Vitamin A deficiency from long-term parenteral nutrition[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1980, 93: 576-577. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-93-4-576 [72] Ganther HE, Kraus RJ. Chemical stability of selenious acid in total parenteral nutrition solutions containing ascorbic acid[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1989, 13: 185-188. doi: 10.1177/0148607189013002185 [73] Nordfjeld K, Rasmussen M, Jensen VG. Storage of mixtures for total parenteral nutrition—long-term stability of a total pa-renteral nutrition mixture[J]. J Clin Hosp Pharm, 1983, 8: 265-274. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6415118 [74] Pluhator-Murton MM, Fedorak RN, Audette RJ, et al. Trace element contamination of total parenteral nutrition. 2. Effect of storage duration and temperature[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1999, 23: 228-232. doi: 10.1177/0148607199023004228 [75] Driscoll DF. Total nutrient admixtures: theory and practice[J]. Nutr Clin Pract, 1995, 10: 114-119. doi: 10.1177/0115426595010003114 [76] Ronchera-Oms CL, Allwood MC, Hardy G. Organic phos-phates in parenteral nutrition: pouring fresh water into an old bucket[J]. Nutrition, 1996, 12: 388-389. doi: 10.1016/S0899-9007(96)00139-6 [77] Ronchera-Oms CL, Jimenez NV, Peidro J. Stability of parenteral nutrition admixtures containing organic phosphates[J]. Clin Nutr, 1995, 14: 373-380. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5614(95)80055-7 [78] Ribeiro Dde O, Lobo BW, Volpato NM, et al. Influence of the calcium concentration in the presence of organic phosphorus on the physicochemical compatibility and stability of all-in-one admixtures for neonatal use[J]. Nutr J, 2009, 8: 51. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-8-51 [79] Anderson C, Mackay M. Physical compatibility of calcium chloride and sodium glycerophosphate in pediatric parenteral nutrition solutions[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2016, 40: 1166-1169. doi: 10.1177/0148607115592673 [80] Dunham B, Marcuard S, Khazanie PG, et al. The solubility of calcium and phosphorus in neonatal total parenteral nutrition solutions[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1991, 15: 608-611. doi: 10.1177/0148607191015006608 [81] Fitzgerald KA, Mackay MW. Calcium and phosphate solubility in neonatal parenteral nutrient solutions containing TrophAmine[J]. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1986, 43: 88-93. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/20702840 [82] Tovsen ML, Smistad G, Bjerke TM, et al. Physicochemical stability of emulsions and admixtures for parenteral nutrition during irradiation by glass-filtered daylight at standardized conditions[J]. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol, 2015, 69: 346-354. doi: 10.5731/pdajpst.2015.01036 [83] Laborie S, Denis A, Dassieu G, et al. Shielding parenteral nutrition solutions from light: a randomized controlled trial[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2015, 39: 729-737. doi: 10.1177/0148607114537523 [84] Stritzke A, Turcot V, Rouleau T, et al. Influence of shielding TPN from photooxidation on the number of early blood transfusions in ELBW premature neonates[J]. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2012, 55: 398-402. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0b013e318258761b [85] 国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典[S].北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2015: 通则1-通则224. [86] Mcmahon MM, Nystrom E, Braunschweig C, et al. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support of adult patients with hyperglycemia[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2013, 37: 23-36. doi: 10.1177/0148607112452001 [87] Niemiec PW JR, Vanderveen TW. Compatibility considera-tions in parenteral nutrient solutions[J]. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1984, 41: 893-911. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6328980/ [88] 赵燕燕, 苏芳, 王丽娟, 等.胰岛素注射液输注过程中浓度变化规律的探讨[J].中国医院药学杂志, 2008, 19:1634-1638. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-5213.2008.19.003 [89] Kinnare KF, Bacon CA, Chen Y, et al. Risk factors for predicting hypoglycemia in patients receiving concomitant parenteral nutrition and insulin therapy[J]. J Acad Nutr Diet, 2013, 113: 263-268. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.11.007 [90] Ayers P, Adams S, Boullata J, et al. A.S.P.E.N. parenteral nutrition safety consensus recommendations[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2014, 38: 296-333. doi: 10.1177/0148607113511992 [91] Kambia K, Dine T, Gressier B, et al. Evaluation of childhood exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from perfusion kits during long-term parenteral nutrition[J]. Int J Pharm, 2003, 262: 83-91. doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00335-1 [92] 蒋朱明, 王以朋, 朱预, 等.终端过滤器用于长时间胃肠外营养的价值[J].中华外科杂志, 1985, 23:75-77. doi: 10.3760/j:issn:0529-5815.1985.02.005 [93] Timmer JG, Schipper HG. Peripheral venous nutrition: the equal relevance of volume load and osmolarity in relation to phlebitis[J]. Clin Nutr, 1991, 10: 71-75. doi: 10.1016/0261-5614(91)90090-Y [94] The Jpen Editorial Board, A.S.P.E.N Board of directors, task force for the revision on saff practices for parenteral and enteral nutrition. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition Errata[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2006, 30: 1177. [95] Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D, et al. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2004, 28: S39-S70. doi: 10.1177/01486071040280S601 [96] Menendez AM, Farias SS, Servant R, et al.[Aluminum content in individual components, used to prepare adult total parenteral nutrition mixtures in Argentine, and in comparison with international regulation][J]. Nutr Hosp, 2014, 29: 1380-1387. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264634793_Aluminum_content_in_individual_components_used_to_prepare_adult_total_parenteral_nutrition_mixtures_in_Argentine_and_in_comparison_with_international_regulation [97] Frey OR, Maier L. Polyethylene vials of calcium gluconate reduce aluminum contamination of TPN[J]. Ann Pharmacother, 2000, 34: 811-812. doi: 10.1345/aph.19306 [98] DE Oliveira SR, Bohrer D, Garcia SC, et al. Aluminum content in intravenous solutions for administration to neonates: role of product preparation and administration methods[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2010, 34: 322-328. doi: 10.1177/0148607110362531 [99] ASCN/A.S.P.E.N. Working group on standards for aluminum content of parenteral nutrition solutions. Parenteral drug products containing aluminum as an ingredient or a contaminant: response to Food and Drug Administration notice of intent and request for information[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 1991, 15: 194-198. [100] Fewtrell MS, Bishop NJ, Edmonds CJ, et al. Aluminum exposure from parenteral nutrition in preterm infants: bone health at 15-year follow-up[J]. Pediatrics, 2009, 124: 1372-1379. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-0783 [101] Kambia K, Dine T, Gressier B, et al. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in total parenteral nutrition and in plasma[J]. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl, 2001, 755: 297-303. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00125-6 [102] Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D, et al. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition[J]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2004, 28: S39-S70. doi: 10.1177/01486071040280S601 -
点击查看大图
表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 1110
- HTML全文浏览量: 183
- PDF下载量: 1836
- 被引次数: 0
