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因素 具体描述 患者因素 年龄 年龄>60岁的患者低体温发生率更高,体温恢复时间也更长;婴幼儿,尤其是早产和低体重患儿更易发生低体温 BMI BMI越大,热量散失越快;但肥胖患者由于脂肪保护作用,体表散热减少,核心体温与体表温度差值减少,低体温发生率更低 ASA分级 ASA分级Ⅱ级以上患者较Ⅰ级低体温发生率增加,且ASA分级越高,低体温发生风险越高 基础体温 基础体温是独立高风险因素,术前体温偏低患者低体温发生风险极高 合并症 合并代谢性疾病可影响体温,如糖尿病合并神经病变患者低体温发生风险增加 手术因素 手术分级 手术分级越高,患者低体温发生率越高 手术类型 开放手术比腔镜手术更易发生低体温 手术时间 手术时间超过2 h,低体温发生率明显增高,全麻患者尤甚 术中冲洗 使用超过1000 ml未加温冲洗液患者低体温发生率增高 麻醉因素 麻醉方式 全麻较椎管内或区域麻醉低体温发生率高;联合麻醉,如全麻合并椎管内或区域麻醉较单纯全麻低体温发生率高 麻醉时间 麻醉时间超过2 h患者低体温发生率增高 麻醉药物 吸入性麻醉药、静脉麻醉药及麻醉性镇痛药均可显著影响体温调节中枢,导致低体温发生 术中输液/输血 静脉输注1000 ml室温晶体液或1个单位0.5 ℃库存血,可使体温下降0.25~0.5 ℃;输入未加温液体超过1000 ml低体温发生风险增高 环境因素 手术间温度 增加环境温度对患者低体温的发生是保护因素,通常低于23 ℃患者低体温发生风险增高 BMI:体质量指数;ASA:美国麻醉医师协会 表 2 围手术期低体温的不良结局
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