2008—2011 Surveillance of Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Intensive Care Units in Peking Union Medical College Hospital
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摘要:
目的 了解重症监护病房病原菌分布及其耐药情况。 方法 2008年1月至2011年12月间北京协和医院重症监护病房患者中连续分离到3507株非重复细菌, 采用纸片扩散法对临床分离菌株进行药敏试验, 按美国临床实验室标准化研究所2011年标准判读药敏结果, 采用WHONET 5.4软件分析数据。 结果 3507株非重复细菌中, 革兰阴性菌占74.7%, 革兰阳性菌占25.3%。10种最常见的细菌分别为:鲍曼不动杆菌(28.1%)、铜绿假单胞菌(12.8%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(10.0%)、大肠埃希菌(7.8%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(7.7%)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(7.1%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(5.2%)、屎肠球菌(4.4%)、阴沟肠杆菌(2.3%)、粪肠球菌(2.3%)。4年中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant coagulasenegative staphylococci, MRCNS)的总检出率分别为74.9%(262/350)和83.4%(206/247), MRSA中有82.6%的菌株对磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶敏感, MRCNS中有79.6%的菌株对利福平敏感。均未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药的菌株。粪肠球菌对氨苄西林(18.2%)、呋喃妥因(5.6%)和磷霉素(2.7%)的耐药率较低, 屎肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁的耐药率分别为9.5%和7.5%, 粪肠球菌对二者的耐药率分别为1.3%和1.3%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的总检出率分别为60.2%(165/274)和46.8%(126/269)。鲍曼不动杆菌泛耐药株(除外米诺环素)的总检出率为60.4%(596/987), 铜绿假单胞菌泛耐药株的总检出率为5.6%(25/450)。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为82.8%和83.8%, 对米诺环素的敏感率为58.0%。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星的耐药率最低, 为16.8%, 对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为42.6%和35.3%。 结论 在重症监护病房, 碳青霉烯类抗生素对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌仍保持高活性, 鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性呈增长趋势, 特别是多重耐药和泛耐药菌株。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the rates of resistance in bacteria obtained from intensive care units (ICU) in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Methods A total of 3507 non-duplicate clinical isolates from ICU were collected from January 2008 to December 2011. Disc diffusion test (Kirby-Bauer method) was employed to study the antimicrobial resistance. The data were analyzed by WHONET 5.4 software according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2011 breakpoints. Results Among these 3507 non-duplicate clinical isolates, gram-negative organisms and gram-positive cocci accounted for 74.7% and 25.3%, respectively. The 10 most common pathogens in ICU were A. baumannii (28.1%), P. aeruginosa (12.8%), S. aureus (10.0%), E. coli (7.8%), K. pneumoniae (7.7%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (7.1%), S. maltophilia (5.2%), E. faecium (4.4%), E. cloacae (2.3%), and E. faecalis (2.3%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS) accounted for 74.9% (262/350) and 83.4% (206/247), respectively. However, 82.6% of MRSA strains were still susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, while 79.6% of MRCNS strains were susceptible to rifampin. No staphylococcal strain was resistant to vancomycin, teicoplanin, or linezolid. The resistance rates of faecalis to ampicillin (18.2%), nitrofurantoin (5.6%), and fosfomycin (2.7%) were low. The resistant rates of E. faecium and E. faecalis to vancomycin were 9.5% and 1.3%, while to teicoplanin were 7.5% and 1.3%, respectively. Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) -producing strains accounted for 60.2% (165/274) and 46.8% (126/269) in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively. The rates of pan-resistant (except minocycline) A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa were 60.4% (596/987) and 5.6% (25/450). The resistance rates of A. baumannii to imipenem and meropenem were 82.8% and 83.8%, respectively. The susceptible rate to minocycline was 58.0%. The resistance rates of P. aeruginosa to imipenem and meropenem were 42.6% and 35.3%, respectively. P. aeruginosa isolates showed the lowest resistant rate (16.8%) to amikacin. Conclusion Carbapenems remain highly active against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. The antibiotic resistance of A. baumanii is increasing, especially those multidrug-resistant and pandrug-resistant strains. -
表 1 2008—2011年北京协和医院重症监护病房菌种分布
菌种 菌株数 构成比(%) 革兰阴性菌 鲍曼不动杆菌 987 37.7 铜绿假单胞菌 450 17. 2 大肠埃希菌 274 10. 4 肺炎克雷伯菌 269 10. 3 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌 181 6. 9 阴沟肠杆菌 81 3.1 奇异变形杆菌 43 1. 6 黏质沙雷菌 36 1. 4 产酸克雷伯菌 35 1. 3 其他 264 10. 1 总计 2620 100 革兰阳性菌 金黄色葡萄球菌 350 39. 4 凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌* 207 23. 3 屎肠球菌 154 17. 4 粪肠球菌 80 9. 0 鹑鸡肠球菌 22 2. 5 肺炎链球菌 14 1. 6 草绿色链球菌† 12 1. 4 其他 48 5. 4 总计 887 100 *从血液、脑脊液和其他无菌体液分离; †从血液和其他无菌体液分离 表 2 2008—2011年葡萄球菌对抗菌药物的耐药率和敏感率(%)
抗菌药物 MSSA (n = 88) MRSA (n = 262) MSCNS (n = 41) MRCNS (n = 206) 耐药率 敏感率 耐药率 敏感率 耐药率 敏感率 耐药率 敏感率 青霉素 86. 5 13. 5 100 0 65. 5 34. 5 100 0 苯唑西林 0 100 100 0 0 100 100 0 庆大霉素 28. 2 71. 8 92. 6 7. 4 7. 1 89. 3 61. 4 34. 9 环丙沙星 12. 8 87. 2 97. 2 1. 9 6. 7 93. 3 74. 2 22. 6 左氧氟沙星 8 92. 0 97. 4 1. 9 7. 7 76. 9 77. 1 17. 6 红霉素 56. 5 38. 8 91. 4 7. 4 48. 3 48. 3 92. 7 6. 8 万古霉素 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 利奈唑胺 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 替考拉宁 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 100 磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶 22. 4 76. 5 12. 0 82. 6 27. 6 69. 0 67. 7 31. 2 克林霉素 33. 3 64. 3 87. 6 12. 4 3. 4 89. 7 60. 4 35. 4 利福平 4. 7 95. 3 78. 8 21. 2 0 100 19. 9 79. 6 MSSA:甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌; MRSA:耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌; MSCNS:甲氧西林敏感凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌; MRCNS:耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 表 3 2008—2011年屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对抗菌药物的耐药率和敏感率(%)
抗菌药物 屎肠球菌(n = 154) 粪肠球菌(n = 80) 耐药率 敏感率 耐药率 敏感率 青霉素 90. 8 3. 3 27. 8 68. 4 氨苄西林 93. 1 6. 9 18. 2 81. 8 高浓度庆大霉素 69. 5 30. 5 53. 9 44. 7 环丙沙星 92. 6 4. 7 60. 3 20. 5 红霉素 93. 2 5. 5 85. 7 2. 6 万古霉素 9. 5 90. 5 1. 3 98. 7 利奈唑胺 0 100 0 100 替考拉宁 7. 5 91. 2 1. 3 98. 7 氯霉素 4. 4 85. 3 39. 7 52. 1 磷霉素 23. 4 43. 0 2. 7 89. 0 呋喃妥因 52. 7 38. 2 5. 6 92. 6 利福平 89. 8 5. 1 51. 3 26. 3 表 4 2008—2011年大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的耐药率(%)
抗菌药物 大肠埃希菌 肺炎克雷伯菌 ESBLs (+) (n = 165) ESBLs (-) (n = 109) ESBLs (+) (n = 126) ESBLs (-) (n = 143) 哌拉西林 100 62. 7 100 41. 7 氨苄西林-舒巴坦 61. 5 35. 3 79. 5 35. 3 哌拉西林-他唑巴坦 6 4. 2 29. 5 17. 3 头孢哌酮-舒巴坦 13. 1 5. 2 21. 2 10. 7 头孢呋辛 100 40. 2 97. 9 33. 8 亚胺培南 1. 5 2. 5 4. 8 6. 6 美罗培南 0. 5 2. 5 4. 1 6. 6 厄他培南 2.7 3.8 11.4 10.2 头孢他啶 100 37. 8 97. 3 25. 8 头孢噻肟 100 37. 8 97. 3 25. 8 头孢吡肟 100 36. 8 97. 3 25. 3 氨曲南 100 37. 8 97. 3 24. 8 庆大霉素 63. 8 52. 9 71. 6 24. 7 阿米卡星 11. 5 10. 2 20. 9 9. 3 环丙沙星 84. 5 72. 3 58. 5 33. 1 磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶 79. 8 75. 7 82. 8 33. 3 米诺环素 35. 5 26. 9 54. 4 20. 0 ESBLs:超广谱β-内酰胺酶 表 5 2008—2011年不发酵糖菌对抗菌药物的耐药率和敏感率(%)
抗菌药物 鲍曼不动杆菌(n = 987) 铜绿假单胞菌(n = 450) 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(n = 181) 耐药率 敏感率 耐药率 敏感率 耐药率 敏感率 氨苄西林-舒巴坦 84. 3 10. 3 替卡西林-克拉维酸 89. 6 8. 1 49. 7 50. 3 哌拉西林 92. 5 5. 5 38. 8 61. 2 哌拉西林-他唑巴坦 89. 2 8. 1 30. 6 69. 4 头孢哌酮 37. 7 48. 7 头孢哌酮-舒巴坦 59. 7 14. 9 21. 9 59. 2 亚胺培南 82. 8 16. 8 42. 6 54. 2 美罗培南 83. 8 15. 2 35. 3 60. 3 氨曲南 31. 2 48. 5 头孢他啶 87. 5 12. 0 21. 8 71. 7 头孢吡肟 88. 7 8. 7 23. 3 67. 4 庆大霉素 90. 1 9. 4 20.9 67. 1 阿米卡星 85. 2 13.9 16.8 67. 1 环丙沙星 91.3 8.4 26.9 68. 4 左氧氟沙星 83.5 9.8 33.3 61.2 12.2 86.1 磺胺甲噁唑-甲氧苄啶 91.3 8.1 13.3 86.7 米诺环 20.7 58.0 1.1 98.3 -
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