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摘要: 实施科学旨在弥合知识与实践之间的鸿沟，促进循证实践的采纳与应用。在欧美国家，实施科学正快速发展，并走向成熟；在我国，该领域仍处于起步阶段。本文重点阐述了实施科学的定义、起源、国内外发展状况、研究热点、难点和机遇，以期为国内学者提供借鉴和参考。尽管实施科学在我国的发展尚处于起步阶段，但发展势头迅猛，中国学者可充分利用国内特有的研究资源和条件，以高质量实施性研究为抓手，开展创新性研究，在实施科学领域发挥全球引领作用。Abstract: Implementation science aims to close the gap between knowledge and practice by fostering the uptake and implementation of evidence-based practices. In Europe and America, implementation science is rapidly evolving and improving. In China, the field is still in its infancy. This paper focuses on the definition, origin, domestic and international development, research hotspots, challenges, and opportunities of implementation science. Although implementation science is still at an early stage in China, it has shown rapid development momentum. Chinese scholars, therefore, should leverage China's distinctive research environment to conduct high-quality and innovation implementation studies in order to excel in implementation science areas and lead globally.
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Key words:
- implementation science /
- implementation research /
- origin /
- development /
- opportunities and challenges
编者按:科学研究日新月异，大量科研成果转化为实际应用，并取得证据支持，但这些循证实践往往需要漫长的时间才能在公共卫生和医疗实践中得以采用和实施。实施科学作为一门新兴交叉学科，旨在弥合知识与实践之间的鸿沟，促进循证实践的采纳与应用。为提升医疗卫生从业人员对实施科学的认识，推动我国实施科学的快速发展，《协和医学杂志》特开设“实施科学”专栏，系统介绍实施科学的概念、起源、发展、理论、模型、框架、研究范式、研究设计和研究方法等内容，深入探讨实施科学的核心要素，分析其在医疗卫生领域的应用案例，讨论其对社会发展的重要性，以期为科研工作者提供参考和启示，推动社会进步和科技创新与应用。作者贡献：徐东负责论文选题及初稿撰写；陈江芸参与初稿修订和文字整理；蔡毅媛负责结构设计、论文初稿数据与信息审核、质量控制和论文修订。利益冲突：所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突 -
图 2 实施性研究的三种混合设计类型
注：箭头方向表明不同类型研究的侧重方向(从左至右上的箭头表明，从混合一型研究至混合三型研究，对实施策略和实施结局的侧重变大，重视将EBP传递至一线工作者；从右至左下的箭头表明，从混合三型研究至混合一型研究，对健康干预和健康结局的侧重变大，重视EBP自身有效性的发现与评价)
Figure 2. Three types of hybrid design of implementation research
表 1 2023年获得国家自然科学基金委员会资助的实施性研究项目*
Table 1. The implementation research project funded by NSFC in 2023*
序号 项目名称 项目类别 1 “医疗-口腔”协同模式下基层医疗机构开展儿童龋风险管理的实施科学研究 面上项目 2 产后抑郁症阶梯式干预策略的实施性研究：基于多重方案随机序贯试验 面上项目 3 游戏化mHealth干预模式下精神障碍出院患者自杀风险管理策略的实施科学研究——基于多阶段优化策略 面上项目 4 促进西部基层医疗卫生机构结核病项目开展的实施性研究：基于实施科学框架和多中心阶梯随机对照试验 面上项目 5 基于CFIR框架促进循证用药指南应用的实施科学研究 青年项目 6 促进社区全科医生开展居家老年轻度认知障碍患者认知训练干预：基于多阶段优化策略(MOST)的实施科学研究 青年项目 7 实施科学视角下食管癌加速康复外科证据转化障碍机制与多元靶向干预策略研究 青年项目 8 基于CFIR框架的社区老年房颤筛查实施促进模式构建与混合实施科学研究 青年项目 9 基于BCW模型的医师指南实施行为的干预策略构建与实证研究 青年项目 *仅包含项目名称中含有“实施性研究”或“实施科学”的项目 
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